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JOURNAL

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL,

EDITED BY

THE SECRETARIES.

VOL. XXVI.

West Tf: to VE 1857.

SRA ADL DAD PLLPVIVPPII II IIA

“Tt will flourish, if naturalists, chemists, antiquaries, philologers, and men of science, in difierent parts of Asia, will commit their observations to writing, and send them to the Asiatic Society at Calcutta. It will languish if such communica-

tions shall be long intermitted; a ll die away, if they shall entirely cease.” —Sirn WM. JONES.

PRINTED BY C. B. LEWIS, BAPTIST MISSION PRESS. 1858.

j ‘ uly } i ny? } Pret oi ’ ; eerie ie een yah ' + Pare wh ae 3 at - ue 1, ' Wis i f 1 ris toe . é ar aS UNE TCR yc ae pe ; t yee Ay 2 i

v al Rey j ' ~ *, - , — Ed = P t ’ ‘ y , :

t+ s [ Pht «he F Paras A , ’ i " wy Le ’ . 4 iv , teh ip? +. é j 0] ‘ s i = ‘ ! woh a, Se r ripe we ; « ’ Lad 5 .. " Li! “hh j A Aw 4 5 | | * ; ‘ : ts vier i - ans aT tee | | Yo Lee ie

CONTENTS

Bahing tribe, Vocabulary of,

Buddhist Remains (ancient) at Pagan on the Irawadi, account of, a sae ee soe ar

Darjiling, Sikkim Himalayah, Mean Temperature and fall of rain at, 1848 to 1855, . :

Derdjat-Lower, Account of the dias ee district Of aaa called Roh, forming the western boundary of the—with notices of the tribes inhabiting if,...

Entomological Papers,

Jamera Pat in Sirgooja, Notes on, Pe ie

Kiranti dialects—Comparative Vocabulary of,

Kokan, Kashgar, Yarkund and other places in Central hen, Notes on, ... ; me

Lagomys (new) and a new diragels rani the ay region of Sikim and the proximate parts of Tibet,

Lycium, Indian species of, Notes on the, f

Magnetic Survey, Report on the progress of, and of the He: searches connected with it, from November, 1855, to April, 1856, Ny we oe tae 54,

Report on the Proceedings of the Officers engaged

in the,

Meteorological epee ueons puheousts of ) feat at the she veyor General’s Office, Calcutta, in the months of October, November and December, 1856,

in the month of January, 1857,

in the month of February, 1857,

in the months of March, April, May, in

June, 1857,

in the yon of Faly 1857, in the months of August, peptoled Oahabee

November and December,..........

Page

207

iv Contents.

Meteorological Register kept at the Office of the Secretary i to Government N. W. P. Agra, for the months of Septem- ber, October, November and December, 1856, Pe WL Nanga Parbat and other Snowy mountains of the Himalaya Range adjacent to Kashmir, Memo. on, saath OO Nepal, Comparative Vocabulary of the broken tiles of, (eee Pagan, Account of Buddhist remains in, : i Pigeon (Indian) akin to the Stock-Dove of aera denaencies of, with notices of other Columbine, : as LT Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal se J anuary sai February 1857... ae - ce GO for Ach and April, 1857, ask ave BGS ee for May, 1857, i i BaF 23. —— for June, July, August, September ahd Oxsaneey 1857, sa 275 Shells (of India) Land aud Tega wale Notes on ih eke tion of the Part I. ... ase ei we 245 Vayu tribe, Vocabulary of, — i. ele fe Grammar of, Se 429 Vocabulary (Comparative) of the languages of ne = ‘vibes of Nepal, . Ene : aot of the several dialects of te Kinanti- language,... 350 —_—— and Grammar of Vayu Tribe, ae 372, 429

eee

of Bahing Tribe,

_ INDEX TO NAMES OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Anderson, T. Esq., M. D. Oude ees N otes 0 on the Indian Species of Lycium, 52 Blyth, Edward, Esq. Description of a new Tad Been akin to the ‘Stock-Dove’ of Europe; with Notices of other Columbine, iS ee piece ea

Contents.

Hodgson, B. H. Esq., B. C.S. On a new Lagomys and anew Mustela, inhabiting the north region of Sikim and the proxi- mate parts of Tibet,

Comparative Vocabulary of the Biker Tribes of Nepal, ey Se : of the several dialects of bbe Kiranti foie

Vocabulary of the Vayu Tribe,

Grammar of the Vayu Tribe,

Vocabulary of the Bahing Tribe,

Leigh, Capt. R. T. Notes on Jamera Pat in Sirgooja,

Montgomerie, T. G., Lt. Engineers, Memorandum on the Nanga Parbat and other Snowy Mountains of the Himalaya Range adjacent to Kashmir,

Nietner, John, Esq. Entomological Papers,

Raverty, H. G., Lieut. An account of the Mountain ainio forming the western boundary of the Lower Derajat, com- monly called Roh, with notices of the tribes inhabiting it,...

Netes on Kokan, Kashgar, Yarkand, and other places in Central Asia,

Schlagintweit, Adolphe and Robert, Esqrs. es on the oe O- gress of the Magnetic Survey and of the Researches con- nected with it; from November, 1855, to April, 1856,... 54,

Report on the Proceedings of the Officers engaged in the Magnetic Survey of India, .

Theobald, W. Junr. Notes on the dunburion of some of ‘is land and freshwater shells of India, Part I.

Yule, Capt. Henry. An account of the Ancient Buddhist he. mains at Pagdn on the Irrawadi,

Withecombe, J. R., M. D. Mean temperature ae fall of rain at Darjiling, Sikkim Himalayah,—1848 to 1855,

LOL OLLI oOo"

an

257

97

make

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' eu mgt

eu ei ‘ na ., is = al yt iy ‘ ma ae sige coat =. i ? aa i) ; : din ba > ¥ in | 7 waht 48 e 241ts byt) ‘J mL gts i: pit ) 7 : ea ee wand) - ~ get, Te Jats wes

a TS - ce we ——_ = =| a io 7 - ~ “ * ees

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NOTICE.

The Secretaries wish to add that they cannot hold themselves re- sponsible for any misprints in the earlier part of these Vocabularies, especially those in No. V. The MSS. which Mr. Hodgson left with them, when he quitted India, were in such a confused state from ink and pencil interlineations that 16 was hopeless to avoid errors. This was pointed out to Mr. H. who replied that the Secretaries must do the best they could with them. This they have tried to do, but the task of correcting the proofs has been very laborious.

JOURNAL

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY.

PPPOE LADLE LOL ILS IIL III LI SOIL OIL OE

Now? “1s57:

PDA DADIODIIIDIIIV™IIIYIPPADAIIVIIAAAADAE IA

An Account of the Ancient Buddhist Remains at Pagdn on the lra- widt— By Captain Hunry Yuin, Bengal Engineers.

The Burmese monarchs derive their stem from the S’dkya kings of Kapilavastu, the sacred race from which Gautama sprang. One of them, Abhi-Raja by name, is said to have migrated with his troops and followers into the valley of the Irawédi, and there to have established his sovereignty at the city of Tagoung: a legend manifestly of equal value and like invention to that which deduced the Romans from the migration of the pious Al‘neas, the ancient Britons from Brut the Trojan, and the Gael from Scota daughter of Pharaoh.*

But that Tagoung was the early capital of the Burmans, appears to be admitted, and is probable, supposing the valley of the Irawadi to have been settled from the north. There, they relate, (as is told also of Anurédhapura in Ceylon), a city or a succession of cities had existed even during the times of each of the three Bud- dhas who preceded Gautama. The last foundation of Tagoung took place, according to story, in the days of Gautama himself, and this city was the seat of seventeen successive kings.

From Tagoung a wild legend carries the dynasty to Prome, where an empire under the Pali name of Sare Khettara (Sri Kshetra) was

* J see, however, since the text was written, that Lassen accepts the traditions of the Indian origin of the Burmese Kings as genuine. (Indische Alterthwn- skunde, II. 1034.)

+ Col. Burney in J. A. 8. B. vol. V. p. 157.

No. LXXXV.—New Serius. Von. XXVI. B

2 The Remains at Pagan. No. wh.

established about 484 B.C. It does not appear from the authori- ties whether the kingdom of Tagoung is believed to have continued contemporaneously with that of Prome.

There is no doubt that the frequent shiftings of their capitals is characteristic of the Indo-Chinese nations, and is connected with the facilities for migration presented by their great navigable rivers, and by the unsubstantial nature of their dwellings. Still, one can- not but have some suspicion that the desire to carry back to a re- moter epoch the existence of the empire as a great monarchy, has led to the representation of what was really the history of various pet- ty principalities, attaining probably an alternate preponderance of dominion, as the history of one dynasty of monarchs in various suc- cessive seats.

Pegu, it need not be said, was an independent kingdom, though several times subjected for a longer or shorter period by the Bur- mans previous to the Jast conquest by Alompra, and twice at least in its turn subjecting Ava.* Toungt also appears undoubtedly to have been a separate kingdom for a considerable period, two of its kings or princes in succession having conquered Pegu during the sixteenth century ; and Martaban was the seat of an independent prince for at least 140 years. ‘Tavoy was occasionally independent, tuough at other times alternately subject to Pegu or Siam. Aracan, bearing much the same relation to Burma that Norway did to Sweden, preserved its independence till the end of the last century. But besides these, there are perhaps indications of other principali- ties within the boundaries of Burma proper. Kings of Prome are mentioned in the histories of the Portuguese adventurers. Ferdi-

* In the thirteenth century three generations of Burman kings reigned over Pegu. In 1554 or thereabouts, the king of Pegu, who was a Burmese prince of Toungu, conquered Ava and its empire as far as Mogoung and the Shan state of Thein-ni. This was the acme of Peguan prosperity, but even that was under a Burmese sovereign. About 1613 the king of Ava became master of Pegu and all the lower provinces. So matters continued tillthe Peguan revolt of 1740 and the following years, which not only succeeded in the expulsion of the Burmans, but in 1752 in the conquest of Ava. This brief ascendancy was upset in the same year by the Hunter-Captain Alompra, whose dynasty still sits on the throne of Ava, though Pegu has past into the hands of the Kalds.

1857.] The Remains at Pagan. 3

nand Mendez Pinto speaks of several other kingdoms on the Trawadi; but he is to be sure a very bad authority. Father Sangermano also, in his abstract of the Burmese chronicles, appears to speak of contemporary kings of Myen-zain or Panya, Ta-goung and Tsa-gaing.*

These instances may, however, originate only in the ambiguity of the Burmese title Mun, which is applied equally to the King of England and to the Governor General of India, to the king of Burma and to all the high dignitaries and princes of his provinces.

The Empire of Prome came to an end, it is said, through civil strife,t and one of the princes, in A. D. 107, flying to the north, established himself at Pagan. According to the view taken by Craw- furd and Burney, as well as Sangermano, the Burmese monarchy continued under a succession of fifty-two or fifty-five princes, to the end of the thirteenth century.

But the authority quoted by Mr. Masont (apparently an edition of the royal chronicle) implies that the city founded, or re-founded, in 107 was that of Upper Pagan on the Upper Irawadi closely adjoining Tagoung, and that the Pagan of which we now speak was not founded till 847 or 849.

The site of upper Pagan has been visited by Captain Hannay in 1835, and by the Rev. Mr. Kincaird in 18387.

Capt. Hannay says,§ “About a mile to the south of this (Tagoung) is a place called Pagam-myo, which is now a complete

* Description of the Burmese Empire, pp. 42, 43.

+ The following quaint legend is related by Sangermano, On the day of the last king’s death it happened that a countryman’s cornsieve, or winnowing fan, was carried away by an impetuous wind. The countryman gave chase, crying out : “Oh my cornsieve! oh my cornsieve!” The citizens, disturbed by the clamour, and not knowing what had happened, began likewise to ery, “ Army of the Corn- sieve! Soldiers of the Cornsieve!’’ A great confusion consequently arose and the citizens divided themselves into three factions, who took up arms against one another, and were afterwards formed into three nations, the Pyu, the Karan, and the Burmese. (The Pyu were probably the people in the neighbourhood of Prome; Karan or Kanran the Aracanese. See Payne in J. A. 8. B. XIII. 29.)

5% Natural Productions of Burma, II. 450.

§ M.S. Narrative of a journey from Ava to the Amber-mines near the Assam frontier. (In Foreign Office, Calcutta.)

B 2

4 The Remains at Pagdn. [No. 1.

jungle, but covered with the remains of brick buildings ag far as the eye can reach. There are also the ruins of several large tem- ples which have now more the appearance of earthen mounds than the remains of the brick buildings, and they are covered with jungle to the top.” The people on the spot told Capt. Hannay that the city was much more ancient than the other Pagan. And indeed we heard this upper city spoken of as “old Pagan,” when we were at the capital.

Some interesting discoveries in Burmese history and antiquities may yet be made among the ruins of which Capt. Hannay speaks.

Nine of the oldest temples at Pagan are ascribed, according to Crawfurd, to king Pyan-bya, circa 850. This coincides with the reign and date to which Mr. Mason’s account assigns the foundation of the city.

Here then twenty-one kings reigned in regular succession from the middle of the 9th to the end of the 13th century, and here in the year 997, under the apostleship of A-rahan and the reign of Anau-ra-men-zan, Buddhism was established in its present shape as the religion of the country.*

The history of the destruction of Pagd4n has been related by Col. Burney from the Burmese chronicles.f Indignant at the murder of an ambassador by the Burmese king, the Emperor of China sent a vast army to invade Burma, The king, Narathee-ha-padé, in his anxiety to strengthen the defences of his capital, pulled down, for the sake of the materials, (so the chronicle relates), one thousand large arched temples, one thousand smaller ones, and four thousand square temples. But under one of these temples a prophetic inscription of ominous import was found: the king lost heart, left his new walls defenceless and fled to Bassein. The Chinese advanced, occupied the city, and continued to pursue the Burman army as far as Taroup-mau, or Chinese point, a considerable distance below Prome. ‘This was in 1284,

Colonel Burney has indicated that this is the same Chinese invasion which is spoken of by Marco Polo. Turning to that traveller (in Purchas, vol. III. 98,) we find that when the Great

* Judson’s Life, I. 199, and Crawfurd, p, 491. + J, A.S. B, Vol. IV. p, 402,

1857.] The Remains at Pagan. 5

Khan minded to subdue the city of Mien, [the Chinese name for Burma] he sent a valiant Captain, and an army chiefly composed of jesters with whom his court. was always furnished.

It is curious enough to contrast the contemptuous view of the Burmese enterprise here indicated, with the history of the same event as given by the Burmans in their chronicle. Instead of an army of jesters they represent the emperor to have sent a host of at least six millions of horse, and twenty millions of foot, to attack Pagan, and to have been obliged to reinforce these repeatedly before they could overcome the resolute resistance of the Burmese, who encountered the enemy near the mouth of the Bamo river.

From the mention of this locality it would appear that the Chinese invasion took place by the route still followed by the main body of the Chinese trade with Burma.

Pagan surprised us all. None of the preceding travellers to Ava had prepared us for remains of such importance and interest. I do not find any mention of Pagan and its temples before the middle of the last century, when Capt. George Baker and Lieutenant North were sent ona joint embassy to Alompra from the British settlement at Negrais. Lieut. North died at Pagan, or rather at Nyoung-ti, a considerable trading town at the northern extremity of the ruins, On his way down, Capt. Baker seems to have staid a week at “Pagang Youngoe.”’ He mentions the great number of pagodas in the neighbourhood, and one in particular, “the biggest of any between Dagon (Rangoon) and Momchabue (Moutshobo the resi- dence of Alompra,) kept in good repair, and celebrated by the people for haying one of their god’s teeth and a collar bone buried under it.’’*

Colonel Symes visited some of the temples on his way both up and down the river, and gives a somewhat vague account of the Ananda, which was then undergoing repair at the expense of the Prince Royal. He was told that the prince had collected gold for the purpose of gilding it, an intention which the size of the building renders improbable, and which certainly was not fulfilled.

Cox also describes the Ananda, and took some measurements with the intention of making a plan of the building.

* Dalrymple’s Oriental Repertory, I. 171.

oo

The Remains at Pagdn. [No. 1.

Among the ruins of the ancient city on the 8th February, 1826, the Burmese under the hapless Naweng-bhuyen, or “King of Sunset,”’* made their last stand against Sir Archibald Campbell’s army, which remained encamped there for some days afterwards. Havelock, in his history of the Campaign, notices the namerous monuments, but says; “the sensation of barren wonderment is the only one which Pagahm excites. There is little to admire, nothing to venerate, nothing to exalt the notion of the taste and invention of the people which the traveller might already have formed in Rangoon or Prome.” It will be seen presently that we differ widely in opinion from Colonel Havelock.

The account that conveys the most truthful impression of Pagan is probably that contained in the travels of Mr. Howard Malcom, an American missionary traveller.

Mr. Crawfurd indeed devotes several pages of his admirable book to the detailed description of some of these buildings, and gives an engraving of that which he considered the finest architectural work among them. rom his selection in this instance I utterly dissent. The temple which he has engraved is, as compared with the greater works at Pagan, paltry and debased. It is altogether uncharacteristic of the peculiar Pagan architecture ; nor is it indeed well or accurately represented in the print. Mr. Crawfurd’s descriptions too, an accurate observer as he is, fail somehow to leave with his readers any just impression of these great and singular relics. From that preference of his which has been referred to, it strikes me that he did not himself do justice to the grandeur or interest of these buildings, and therefore could not enable his readers to do so. With the assistance in illustration that we enjoy, we ought to be able to do better.

In Pegu and lower Burma, the Buddhist pagoda is seldom found in any other form than that of the solid bell-shaped structure, representing (though with a difference) the topes of ancient India and the Chaityas of Libet, and always supposed to cover a sacred

* Otherwise Laya-thooa. He fled to Ava, and appeared before the king de- manding new troops. The king in a rage ordered him to be put to death. The poor fellow was tortured out of life before he reached the place of execution.— Judson’s Life, I, 295.

1857. | The Remains at Pagin. 7

relic. Images of Gautama are often attached to these, but do not seem to be essential to them. The great Pagodas of Rangoon, Prome, and Pegu are celebrated examples of this kind of edifice.

The type of the principal temples at Pagan is very different, and they suit better our idea of what the word ¢emple implies. Remains of this description but on a small scale, first attracted our attention at Tantabeng, a place on the east bank of the Irawaddi some miles above Yenangyoung.*

The buildings at Tantabengf were numerous, had an air of creat antiquity, and were, as far as we examined them, on one general plan. The body of the buildings was cubical in form, inclosing a Gothic-vaulted Chamber. The entrance was by a projecting porch to the east, and this porch had also a subsidiary door on its north and south sides. There were also slightly projecting door- places on the three other sides of the main building, sometimes blank and sometimes real entrances. The plan of the building was cruciform. Several terraces rose successively above the body of the temple, and from the highest terrace rose a spire bearing a strone general resemblance to that of the common temples of Eastern India, being like the latter a tall pyramid with bulging sides. The angles of this spire were marked as quoins, with deep joints, and a little apex at the projecting angle of each, which gave a peculiar serrated appearance to the outline when seen against the sky. ‘These buildings were entirely of brick; the ornamental mouldings still partially remained in plaster. The interior of each temple contained an image of Gautama, or its remains. The walls and vaults were plastered and had been highly decorated with minute fresco painting.

Such is the substantial type of all the most important temples at Pagan, though when the area of the ground-plan expands from 30 or 40 feet square to 200 or 300 feet square, the proportions and details of the parts necessarily vary considerably.

* Mr. Oldham says that he saw a chambered pagoda as low down as Akouk- toung (below Prome.) ‘There is a conspicuous one also at Thayet Myo. But they are comparatively rare anywhere below the point named, and never, I think, of the antique type here described.

+ These haye been photographed by Captain Tripe.

8 The Remains at Pagdn. { No. 1.

The Pagan ruins extend over a space about eight miles in length along the river, and probably averaging two miles in breadth. The present town of Pagan stands on the river side within the deeayed ramparts of the ancient city, near the middle length of this space.

This brick rampart and fragments of an ancient gateway shewing almost obliterated traces of a highly architectural character, are the only remains at Pagan which are not of a religious description. If any tradition lingers round the site of the ancient palaces of the kings, who reigned here for so many centuries, our party missed it.

Of the number of the temples at Pagan, I feel scarcely able to form-any estimate, the few days which we spent there having been chiefly devoted to a detailed examination of some of the most important. But of all sizes I should not guess them at less than eight hundred, or perhaps a thousand.

All kinds and forms are to be found among them; the bell-shaped pyramid of dead brick-work in all its varieties; the same, raised over a square or octagonal cell containing an image of the Buddha ; the bluff knoblike dome of the Ceylon Dagobas, with the square cap which seems to have characterized the most ancient Buddhist Chaityas as represented in the sculptures at Sanchi, and in the ancient model pagodas in the Asiatic Society’s Museum; the fantastic Bo-phya or Pumpkin Pagoda, which seemed rather like a fragment of what we might conceive the architecture of the moon, than anything terrestrial; and many variations on these types. But the predominant and characteristic form is that of the eruciform vaulted temple, which we have described above.

Three at least of the great temples, and a few of the smaller ones of this kind, have been from time to time repaired, and are still more or less frequented by worshippers. But by far the greater number have been abandoned to the owls and bats, and some have been desecrated into cow-houses by the villagers.

In some respects the most remarkable of the great temples, and that which is still the most frequented as a place of worship, is the Ananda.

“This temple is said to have been builtin the reign of Kyan-yeet- tha, about the time of the Norman conquest of England. Tradition

1857. ] The Remains at Pagan. 9

has it, that five Rahandahs, or Saints of an order second only toa Buddha, arrived at Pagan from the Hema-winda or Himalayan region. They stated that they lived in caves on the Nanda-mila hill (probably the Nunda Devi Peak), and the king requested them to give him a model of their abode, from which he might construct a temple. The Rahandahs did as they were requested, and the temple being built was called Wanda-tst gun or “ Caves of Nanda.” (PI. I.) The term Ananda, by which the temple is now known, is a corrup- tion, arising from the name of Ananda, the cousin and favourite disciple of Gaudama, being so well known to the people. The representation of a cave is a favourite style of building among the Burmese for depositing images.* This is not wonderful among the votaries of a religion which regards an ascetic life in the wilderness as the highest state for mortals in this world.”’+

Major Phayre mentioned another probable origin of the name of this temple, viz. from the Palee Ananta “the endiess;’ which seems to be supported by the fact that another great temple close at hand is called Thapinyu, “ The omniscient.’

To reach the Ananda we passed out through the principal eastern gate of the ancient city. The remains of the defences form a distinct mound and ditch, traceable in their entire circuit, and large masses of the brick work still stand at intervals, but I saw none in which any feature of the architecture, or portion of the battlements, was distinguishable. The gate has some remains of architectural design, and ornament of a rich character in plaster, with foliated pilaster capitals and festcons; but these remnants have been disfigured and obscured by the erection of two coarse modern niches with figures of Warders. A few yards beyond the gate are the square sandstone inscribed pillars mentioned by Mr. Crawfurd. Their appearance is suggestive of great antiquity and interest. But the expectation of the latter would probably be disappointed by an interpretation. The character appeared to be square{ Bur-

* Several of the temples at Pagdn are named in this way; e. g. Shwé-ku, The golden cave ;” Sembyo-ki, *‘ The white elephant cave,” &c.—H. Y.

+ Note by Major Phayre.

{I do not know whether it has been noticed that the circular form of the ordinary Burmese character, as of the Ooria, the Tamul and several other South

C

10 The Remains at Pagan. Nosed.

mese of a very neat and uniform type, as indeed most of the Burmese inscriptions are, and very much superior in execution to what owr lapidary inscriptions were a century ago.

In the precincts of the Ananda we entered a large group of monastic buildings, forming a street of some length. These in beauty of detail and combination, were admirable. The wood carving was rich and effective beyond description ; photography only could do it justice.

Great fancy was displayed in the fantastic figures of warriors, dancers, WVdts (spirits) and Bilis (ogres,) in high relief, that filled the angles and nuclei of the sculptured surfaces. The fretted pinnacles of the ridge ornaments were topped with birds cut in profile, in every attitude of sleeping, pecking, stalking, or taking wing. With the permission of a venerable and toothless poongyee we looked into a chamber which was a perfect museum of quaint and rich gilt carving, in small shrines, book chests, &c., not unlike the omnium gatherum of a Chinese Josshouse. One chamber contain- ed, among other things, a neat model of a wooden monastery with its appropriate carving.

The most elaborate of these religious buildings is stated to have been built only a few years ago by a man of Ye-nan-gyoung; probably some millionnaire of the oil trade.*

In the same monastic street a brick building, in the external form of a Kyoung, contains a corridor entirely covered with rude paintings on the plaster. These are all, Major Phayre informs me, representations of Jats or passages in the life of Gautama in various periods of pre-existence. ‘The greater part of the scenes appeared to depict the amusements and employments of ordinary life, such as feasting, hunting, weaving, looking at plays, being shampooed, and the like. The persons represented, like the marionnettes in the puppet plays, were all exhibited with pure white complexions. By a curious self-delusion, the Burmans would seem to claim that

Indian alphabets, is a necessary result of the practice of writing on palm leaves with a style. Certain of the sacred books which are written in the square cha- racter are inscribed with a black gum (the thit-see) used as ink,

* Photographed by Capt. Tripe,

ANANDA

4.0 Feet = an Inch.

Scalo

; ein vex

1857.] The Remains at Pagén. tf

in theory at least they are white people.* And what is still more curious, the Bengalees appear indirectly to admit the claim; for our servants in speaking of themselves and their countrymen, as dis- tinguished from the Burmans, constantly made use of the term ‘Kalaé admi’—black man, as the representative of the Burmese Kéld, a foreigner.

In one part of the series were some representations of punishment in the Buddhist Hells. Demons were pictured beating out the brains of the unhappy with clubs, or elephants trampling on them, and in one place was a perfect picture of Prometheus; the victim lying on the ground, whilst a monstrous unclean bird pecked at his side.

From this monastic colony a wooden colonnade, covered with the usual carved gables and tapering slender spires, led to the northern doorway of the Ananda.

This remarkable building, with a general resemblance in charac- ter to the other great temples, has some marked peculiarities and felicities of its own. They all suggest, but this perhaps above them all suggests, strange memories of the temples of Southern Catholic Europe. The Ananda is in plan a square of nearly 200 feet to the side, and broken on each side by the projection of large gabled vesti- bules which convert the plan into a perfect Greek cross.f (Plate IT.) These vestibules are somewhat lower than the square mass of the building, which elevates itself to a height of 35 feet in two tiers of windows. Above this rise six successively diminishing terraces connected by curved converging roofs, the last terrace just affording breadth for the spire which crowns and completes the edifice. The lower half of this spire is the bulging mitre-like pyramid adapted from the temples of India, such as I have described at Tantabeng: the upper half is the same moulded taper pinnacle that terminates the common bell-shaped pagodas of Pegu. The gilded tree caps the

* But so also thought some of the old travellers. Thus Vincent Leblanc says ; “The people (of Pegu) are rather whites than blacks, and well shap’d.” I think I have seen some brahmins fairer than any Burmans. But the average tint in Burma is much lighter than in India. One never, I believe, sees a Burman to whom the word black could be applied fairly,

+ See also Capt. Tripe’s photograph, No. ——.

c 2

12 The Remains at Pagan. [No. 1.

whole at a height of one hundred and sixty-eight feet above the ground.

The building internally consists of two concentric and lofty cor- ridors, communicating by passages for light opposite the windows, and by larger openings to the four porches. Opposite each of these latter, and receding from the inner corridor towards the centre of the building, is a cell or chamber for an idol. In each this idol is a colossal standing figure upwards of 380 feet in height. They vary slightly in size and gesture; but all are in attitudes of prayer, preaching, or benediction. ach stands, facing the porch and entrance, on a great carved lotus-like pedestal, within rails like the chancel-rails of an English church. There are gates to each of these chambers, noble frames of timber rising to a height of four and twenty feet. The frame bars are nearly a foot in thickness, and richly carved on the surface in undercut foliage; the pannels are of lattice work, each intersection of the lattice marked with a gilt rosette.

The lighting of these image chambers is perhaps the most singus lar feature of the whole. The lofty vault, nearly 50 feet high, in which stands the idol, canopied by a valance of gilt metal curiously wrought, reaches up into the second terrace of the upper structure, and a window pierced in this sends a light from far above the spectator’s head, and from an unseen source, unon the head and shoulders of the great gilded image. This unexpected ‘and partial illumination in the dim recesses of these vaulted corridors, produces avery powerful and strange effect, especially on the north side, where the front light through the great doorway is entirely subdued by the roofs of the covered approach from the monastic establishments.*

These four great statues represent the four Buddhas who have appeared in the present World: Period.

* “A similar artistic introduction of the light is mentioned by Mr. Fergusson as characterising ‘the great rock-cut Basilicas of India.’” (Handbook of Arch. 1. 313.) May this not have been imitated in the Ananda, and may the fact not be in some degree a confirmation of the legend, that caves were intended to be repre+ sented by these vaults ?

+ “ They are said to be composed of different materials as follows :

1857. | The Remains at Pagin. 13

The temple, like the other great temples here, is surrounded by a square enclosure wall with a gate in each face. “That to the north is the only one in repair. This was no doubt intended as the principal entrance, and has the image of Gautama placed there, but itis difficult to say why the western entrance was not chosen for this distinction,* as it is directly in sight of the Tan- Kyee hill and Pagoda, on the opposite site of the Irawadee, where Gautama himself stood with his favourite disciple, Ananda, and predicted the future building and greatness of the city of Pagan. Perhaps the north was chosen as being the direction in which Gau- ’ tama walked after the moment of his birth.’’+

In the centre of the vestibule on the western side stands cut in stone on an elevated and railed platform, a representation of the impression of Gautama’s feet. In the galleries or corridors running round the building, disposed in niches along the massive walls, at regular distances apart, are numerous images of Gau- tama, and sculptured groups of figures illustrating particular events of his life. These have been covered over with a substance resem- bling thitsee (black gum resin) and vermilion.t

“The image to the east is the Buddha Kankathan made of a sweet-scented wood called Dan-tsa-goo. To the west is Ka-thaba, made of brass. To the north Gautama, of Fir; to the south Ganno-goon of Jasmine-wood. Whatever the original material of these images may have been, it appears now that the outer coating of each is of plaster richly gilt over.” Major Phayre.

* Compare Cunningham’s Topes of Bhilsa, p.191. It there appears that at No. 1 Tope at Sanchi, within the enclosure and immediately facing each entrance, there is a large figure, once under a canopy. That to the east Major Cunningham considers to be { KRAKUCHANDA, first mortal Buddha; that to the south KANAKA; to the west KASYAPA; and to the north SAKYA SINHA” (Gautama). Hence it would appear that the figures in the Ananda were not

placed arbitrarily, but according to orthodox Buddhistic tradition.—H. Y. .

+ Major Phayre.

t I extract the following detailed account of some of these curious groups from Major Phayre’s notes. Lt. Heathcote, I. N. informs me that the number of these sculptures is upwards of fifteen hundred.

“Several, indeed, most, of the images of Gautama in this temple have a different physiognomy to those made by Burmese artists, and the Woondouk who accom- panied me, asked if I did not notice a strong resemblance in the features to those Buddhist images in the compound of the Asiatic Society at Calcutta, which have

14 The Remains at Pagan. [No. 1.

The outer corridor is roofed with a continuous flying buttress, or half pointed arch, abutting on the massive outer walls. The inner corridor and cells are pointed vaults.

been brought from central India. There is undoubtedly a great similarity, so that it is impossible not to conclude that these have been carved by Indian artists. The following are the principal figures and groups illustrating events of Gautama’s life. A recumbent female figure richly clad with large earrings, and pendent ears, decked with numerous armlets from the wrist to the elbow; the figure and dress are entirely in the Indian fashion. The hair of all the female figures in these groups is bound up sideways in the form of a cornucopia, and in a fashion, cer- tainly not Burmese. This is said to be the Princess Ya-thau-da-ya,* the wife of Prince-Theiddat,+ i. e. Gautama, before he left his father’s kingdom and became a hermit. The four predictive signs displayed to the Prince, and which, convinc- ing him of the vanity of all earthly things, determined him to leave his father’s palace and go forth to the wilderness, are here displayed in separate groups. ‘The Prince, from his chariot, sees the decrepid man, the diseased, the dead and de- eayed, and finally the Priest ordained. He chooses the latter state as the only