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THE AMERICAN
POCKET FARRIER;
Comprehending a description of
THE VARIOUS DISEASES INCIDENT TO HORSES,
AND PRESCRIPTIONS FOR THEIR CURE.
With a few preliminary Rules necessary to be observed by Purchasers.
TO WHICH If ANDED
AN APPRNDIXSE
Containing directions for the management of those animals, in Breeding, Weaning, Castrating, Breaking, Docking, Shoe- ing, Mounting, Riding, Travelling, Driving, Feeding, Soiling, Watering, Stabling, Trimming, Dressing, Choosing Ostlers, Fattening, Bleeding, Purging, Clystering, Blistering, Poulticing, kowel- ling, Preventing infectious and other Diseases, Defending from flies, &c.
Carefully selected and compiled from the most approved Authors.
Embellished with six appropriate Copper-plate Engravings.
PHILGDYELPHIA ; ~~<E WPS PRINTED FOR, AND SOLD BY THE COMPILER. S. W. corner of Third and Tammany Streets,
1825
Eastern District of Pennsylvania, to wit:
o_—_ BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the fifteenth day ot
$seac. September, iu the fiflieth year of the independence of the
tp United Sta'es of America, A. D. 1825, JouN SiMMONS,
of the said district, hath Geposited in this office the ttle of a book, the right whereof he claims as proprietor, in the words following, to wit:
© The American Pocket Farrier; comprehending a description of
the various Diseases incident to Horses, and Prescriptions for
their Cure. With a few preliminary Rules necessary to be ob-
served by Purchasers. To which is added an Appendix : Con-
taining directions for the management of those animals, in Breed-
ing, Weaning, Castrating, Breaking, Docking, Shoeing, Mount-
ing, Riding, Travelling, Driving, Feeding, Soiling, Watering,
Stabling, Triraming, Dressing, Choosing Ostlers, Fattening,
Bleeding, Purging, Clystering, Blistering, Poulticing, Rowel-
ling, Preventing infectious and other Diseases, Defending from
flies, &e. Carefully selected and compiled from the most ap-
proved Authors. Embellished with six appropriate Copper-plate
Engravings. By John Simmons.”
In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United States, intitu- led, ‘* An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copirs, during the times therein mentioned ;’—And also to the act, entitled, ‘ An act supplementary to an act, entitled, § An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing she copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times
therein mentioned,’ and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of de- signing, engraving, and etching bistorical and other prints.”
D. CALDWELL, Clerk of the Eastern District of Peansylyania.
Fine aie, I SP Gee =
INTRODUCTION.
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Notwithstanding there are numerous excellent treatises on Farriery, already extant, it is appre- hended that a judicious selection from them, com- prised in a small and cheap volume, will be an acceptable and useful manual to such as have any of those animals in their possession or under care.
And the compiler respectfally solicits an atten-
_ tive perusal of the following pages—and where
any error, deficiency, or redundancy, shall ap- pear, a friendly intimation of it will be kindly re- eeived, and duly regarded.
«* We are bound to study the diseases of domes- tic animals, and the remedies that are proper to eure them, by a principle of gratitude. They live only for our benefit. They cost us nothing in wa- ges or clothing. They require in exchange -for their labour, and all the other advantages we de- rive from them, nothing from us but food and shel- ter ; and these of the cheapest and coarsest kind ; so that there is constantly due to them, an im- mense balance of debt from us. This mctive to take care of their health and lives wili appear more striking, when we consider the specific ben- efits we receive from each of them.
W INTRODUCTION.
‘The horse is not only an important appendage, but a necessary part of the cement of civilized society. He ploughs our fields—he drags home our harvests and fruits to our barns and cellars. He conveys them from distant countries, over rough and difficult roads, to our market towns and sea-ports. He receives in exchange from them, the products of foreign nations, and conveys them to the interior and remote parts of our coun- try. He keeps up the inland connection between different states by means of stages and posts ; and thus favours the quick communication of intelli- gence, and the increase of national intercourse, commerce and happiness. He administers to our health and our pleasures, under the saddle and in the harness. He keeps up society and friendship in neighbourhoods too scattered in their popula- tion to admit of visits on foot. In vain would eountry churches and courts be opened, without the strength of this noble animal; nor could the system of representative government be supported in an agricultural country unless he conveyed the elector to the place of suffrage.”
«‘ Nor let us forget his sagacity in discovering roads, and choosing the safest parts of them, when inattention or darkness has rendered his rider or driver unable to discover them.—In the physiei-
INTRODUCTION. vi
an’s midnight excursion to visit the sick, how of- ten has his horse conducted him in safety, (and _ sometimes overcome by sleep) through impercep- tible paths, and across deep and rapid currents of water, to the door of his patient ; and again, back tohisownhome! Still further, how often has the convivialist, who has sat too long over his evening bowl, owed his life or his limbs to the good temper of this faithful animal ; who, in spite of a contrary direction of his bridle, has carried him with un- broken bones to the arms of his servants, to be conveyed by them to his bed; in order to dose away the remains of his intoxication !’”
fDr. Benjamin Rush.)
INDEX.
A. PAGE. Age 2 10 Appetite lost. 2 8 Appendix . 104 B. Bots l 19 Broken Wind Q1 Bruises 22 Breeding Mare . 18 Blood Spavin 83 Bone Spavin. ib. Breeding ; - 104 Breaking . 106 Bleeding Pony Re Blistering ; . 130 ‘Blister Plasters . ib. C. Colic or Gripes . 24 Cold and Catarrh . 26 Cough 2 Q7 Curb 28 Corns : 29 Canker in the Foot 3 Canker in the Mouth $2 Cutting : ib. Crib-Biting S4 Chin 12 Carriage Horses 15 Cart Horse 7 Castrating 105 Choosing Ostlers 119 Clystering 128 Diarrheea, or Purging, 34 Diabetes, or Excessive Staling . 36 Disorders of the Kia neys and Bladder 37
PAGE. Diseases - 18 Diseases of the Eyes 39 Disposition 13 Docking 107 Driving 113 Dressing . 118 Defending from flies 134 E.
Excessive Purging 42 Eyes 12 F,
Fevers . F 43 Farcy Ad Fistula . 50 Founder 52 Feeding 114 Fattening 120 Glanders 54 Gravel vr Grease, or Scratches. 58 H. Hide-Bound 59 Hoof-Bound . 60 Hint to Purshasers 9 Health 12 Habits ae 3 I.
Inflammation of the
Kyes 62 66 Stomach 68 6“ Bowels . 64. 66 Lungs 65 66 Liver 67 & Kidneys . 68 6 Bladder . 69
INDEX. Vil I. PAGE. Ss PAGE. {ntroduction 3| Simple Fever. 43 Incisions 99 | Symptomatic Fever 44 Spavins 82 J. Splents . 85 Jaundice, or Yellows 70 | Saddle-Galls, or “War- bles 86 L. Sitfast Se (| Lampass 71 | Staggers . . 88 Lameness . . 72 | Strains . : 89 Lock-Jaw ib. | Strangles 91 Lacerations 101 | Stranguary 92 Surfeit . : : 93 M. String-Halt aL eee Mange . 73 | Sallenders ib. Moon-Eyes . 75 | Sand-crack ib. Mallenders . : 76| Sore Mouth . 96 Molten Grease . . 77 | Saddle-Horse 14 Mouth . : : 12 | Stallion 17 Movements 13 | Shoeing 108 Mounting 109 | Sciling . 115 Stabling 116 cs Summary 135 Poll-Evil a9 Punctures . 102 T. Purging 124 Poulticing . 131 | Thorough-Pin 96 Preventing Infectious phere 97 Diseases. - 133] Teeth 10 Purgative Balls. 126 | Travelling 110 Trimming 118 Quittor 81 W. R ° : , Wind-galls 98 Ringbone ; oe Wounds ° , 7) oo pore. ‘ a Weaning 2iliy) sya 105 “hai °" | Watering . . 116
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THE
AMERICAN POCKET FARRIER.
——
A HINT TO PURCHASERS.
Although a principle of candour and integrity may, sometimes, be discovered among dealers of the present day ; yet the ancient adage, “ Hon- esty is the best policy,” appears to be too gen- erally reversed ; especially by those speculators denominated “Jockeys ;” and as men who conscientiously adhere to the golden precept, ‘‘ Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them,” are naturally cred- — ulous, and consequently liable to imposition by sharpers; it will be necessary for them to observe _ the following rules, when they are disposed to purchase a horse.
RULES.
Supposing the size, form and colour to be agreeable, the first inquiry should be respecting his age; which, however, may be nearly ascer- tained by the teeth, mouth, chin, and eyes.
40
Teeth.—Every horse has six teeth in each jaw, until he is two years and a half old; which are all white, and have smooth surfaces.
When he is nearly three years of age, the two middle teeth, in each jaw, will be displaced, or forced out, by young ones; with concave sur- faces, and black spots near the centre.
When about three years and a half old, he will shed four other teeth, one on each side of the
young ones, and, at about four years of age, they.
will be succeeded by others; which, also, will be concave, and have black spots in the centre.
At four years old he will lose the four corner teeth ; which in a few months, will be followed by four concave ones; with black spots, as be- fore, and grooves on the insides.
When between four and five years of age, the tusks make their appearance, about an inch from the corner teeth ; and when about six years old, they will be fully grown, pointed, and grooved inside also.
After the horse is five years of age, the grooves and concavities of some of his teeth will begin to fill up; and, at seven, those in the lower jaw, except the corner ones, will be near-
|
44
iy even; leaving small brown spots where they were black at first.
When he is nearly nine years old, the points of the tusks will be worn off, the grooves filled up, or become convex; and the edges of the middle teeth will begin to disappear. But the marks in the upper teeth of many horses remain visible until the twelfth year, and sometimes longer.*
Notwithstanding it is universally acknow- ledged, that no infallible rule can be proposed for ascertaming the age of a horse, with preci- sion, after he has completed his ninth year, yet the followihg observations may assist the pur- chaser in distinguishing youth from old age.
After nine years of age a horse, generally, has lost tlfe marks of his teeth; but some retain them till they are fourteen or fifteen; with other signs of freshness and_ vigour.
But when he grows old it may be discovered by the gums having left the teeth long, slender, and projecting forward; and the roots will be of a brown or yellow colour.
* Some dealers in horses drill or burn holes in the teeth of an
old horse, for the purpose of passing him off for a young one ; but, by a careful examination, the fraud may be discovered.
42
“Mouth.—Vhe bars of a young horse’s mouth — are always fleshy, plump and dry; but those of | an old one are lean, smooth, and covered with — saliva.
Chin.—The chin of a young borse is round — and full; and the pores close and small; but | that of a horse advanced in years, is flat, wrin- kled and flabby ; and the pores open and broad. |
Eyes.—The eyes of a young horse are plump, — full, and lively ; the lids have but few wrinkles ; the hollows above the balls are small; and no — srey hairs will be found on the brdws, except | those on the body are of a similar eglour. |
The eyes of an old horse appear sleepy, dim and sunk; the lids are loose and Shrivelled ; with large hollows, and grey brows; and the whole countenance appears sad and dejected ; unless artificial means are used to give him spi- rit. See diseases of the eyes.
The next subjects of inquiry, or examination, should be respecting his health, movements, — habits, and disposition.
Health.—Some of the diseases & defects inci- | dent toa horse, and which frequently render him»
43
of little value, are, broken wind, heaves, found- er, gravel, defective eyes, splents, spavins, ringbones, windgalls, scratches, thrush, sand- cracks, &c. A description of which may be found in the following pages, under their re- spective heads.
Movements.—Admitting the horse to be en- tirely free from all of the above diseases and defects; and, while standing, may appear with- out blemish; yet many of his movements may be very objectionable ; which cannot be satisfac- torily ascertained without giving him a fair trial, over hill and dale. See Summary.
Habits.—Habitual stumbling, starting, kick- ing, biting, rearing, jumping, and running, are the most disagreeable and dangerous qualities a horse can possess ; and if, after a patient and impartial trial, he should be found guilty of one or more of them, I apprehend a prudent pur- chaser will have but little need of advice.
Disposition.—Some horses, in their natural dispositions, are slothful, stubborn or refrac- tory—others are lively, cheerful and active; yet gentle and obedient—others, again, are fiery,
B
14
fretful, furious, and ungovernable. But, by a little exercise, with proper management, those tempers which are most predominant will be easily discovered; and the difficulty of making a choice will immediately vanish.*
SADDLE HORSE,
An elegant and first rate saddle horse should be reasonably large—his body nearly round— head small, thin, bony, and tapering—counte- nance lively and cheerful—ears quick of motion, narrow, thin, erect, and pointing towards each other—eyes large, dark, round, and full—nos- trils large and expanding—brow and forehead smooth, and somewhat rounding—and his nose a little inclined to the Roman form. His neck should be long, thin and arched— mane half the width of his neck, thin and smooth—shoulders high, tapering, and well thrown back—breast full, and of moderate width—fore legs straight, flat, sinewy, and thin—arms large and muscular; back short, and nearly straight—flanks plump
* The preceding directions and observations are not designed to inculcate an opinion that every man, who has a horse for sale, is a knave; for it is believed there are individuals who, by their
candour, would render many of those critical examinations unne- cessary.
SADDLE HORSE
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45
and full; the last rib near the hip bone—hips and buttocks full, round, and well covered— chine broad, and his tail well placed, properly shaped and carried. His thighs should be long 5 and, from the hip to the haunch bone, large, and bulging with muscles—hocks broad, sinewy, bony, and clear of pufis—hind legs, from the hocks, a little bending, flat, and sinewy—pas- terns a moderate length, small and bony—and his hoofs a proportionable size, round and smooth. When mounted, his appearance should be bold and majestic—movements light, and actions graceful; without any turning in or out at the knees or ancles. ‘The colour should suit the fancy of the purchaser; but, for actual service, experience has proved that dark colours, with- out any white feet, are generally the best.
CARRIAGE HORSES.
Horses intended for a carriage should be from fifteen to sixteen hands high. Great attention _ should be paid to their forms, habits, and dis- positions. ‘Their bodies should be large and well muscled—breasts full and wide—-eyes large and good—legs large, sinewy and bony—pas- terns short: and feet a moderate size—tails
16
good, and well carried—and their whole ap- pearance and movements gay and lively. They should be free from the habits of stumbling, start- ing, running, either forward or backward, rear- ing, and kicking; and their dispositions peace- able, patient, and obedient. In matching horses, a similarity of size, gaits, spirit, and temper, is of much greater importance than that of colour. Nevertheless, uniformity of colour would con- siderably enhance their beauty.
Horses that have once been frightened in harness will never forget it, during the remain- der of their lives; and are, therefore, unsafe for carriage horses, as long as they live, after the alarm has occurred. And for the purpose of ascertaining whether such an occurrence has ever taken place or not, let them be hitched to a carriage; and, while they are standing, fre- quently open and shut the carriage door, and rattle the steps—then go before them, and atten- tively observe their motions—for, if they have | ever been frightened in harness, they will be | very restless ; hold their heads high ; move their |
ears with great activity ; and expose the white §
parts of their eyes. Such horses, and those of | | a fiery and fretful temper, should be avoided. | But if they manifest no fear or impatience, let J
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47
them be driven, slowly, a short distance ; with- out cracking or flourishing the whip; and, af- terward, they may be hastened, at pleasure, by kind expressions; to which all horses should be accustomed. And, by driving them a few miles, over rough and hilly roads, if they have any dangerous tricks, or vicious and trouble- some habits, they will be easily discovered.
CART HORSE.
In choosing a common draught horse, especial regard should be had to his size, form, age, health, strength, courage, and habits—avoiding such as may be defective, or objectionable, in any of those respects.
STALLION.
A horse that is kept for covering, should be of a good size, form, and colour—free from nat- ural blemishes and defects—offensive and dan- gerous habits—and every kind of distemper and disease. His carriage should be lofty and spi- rited—and all his movements regular and agree- able. For it may reasonably be expected, that whatever qualities the sire possesses, his colts
will inherit, B 2
18 BREEDING MARE.
A mare designed for breeding should be large, strong, and well formed—healthy and vigour- ous in constitution—bold, active, kind, and obedient in disposition.
She should not be suffered to breed until four or five years of age. See Breeding.
DISEASES.
APPETITE LOS.
Causes.-Excessive fatigue—too long feeding on one kind of food—dirty fodder, or mouldy corn—and, frequently, the approach of some other disease.
REMEDIES.
i. Take near half a gallon of blood from the neck vein (see Bleeding)—and drench* with a mixture of assafcetida, one quarter of an ounce ——salt, one table spooful—and sassafras tea, one
* A large horn, of a proper form, with the small end made very smooth, is much better than a bottle for the purpose of drenching —and eyery owner of a horse should keep one ready for use.
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pint. Next day, give a drench; consisting of Glauber’s salts, one pound—dissolved in one quart of warm water. See Purging.
2. Give the horse half an ounce of nitre in a mash of bran, once or twice. This, with a lit- tle rest, will generally restore his appetite.
BOTS.
Description.—Bots are small worms, about three fourths of an inch in length, of a brown or reddish colour; and furnished with two sharp hooks, by which they attach them- selves to the znsensible coat of a horse’s stom- ach; and, while in that situation, do but little injury—but when they insinuate themselves be- tween the two coats, they become very trouble- some and dangerous; and, frequently, prove fatal to the horse.
Cause.—Bots are produced from eggs depos- ited, in Autumn, on the hair of the legs and under jaw; by an insect somewhat resembling a common bee, both in size and colour. The eggs are supposed to be introduced into the horse’s mouth by his biting those parts on which they are settled; and thence conveyed to the stomach witb his food.
20
Prevention.—Scrape off the eggs with a knife, or some other sharp instrument, every week, or oftener, during their season—taking care to do it where the horse will not eat soon after.
Symptoms.— W hen a horse is much annoyed by bots, he will frequently lie down—look round to his shoulders—groan—switch his tail between his hind legs—turn up his upper lip— and have a very hot fever; which may be dis- covered by feeling his ears.
REMEDIES.
4. Make a tea of wormwood and tansy ; and drench with about one quart. If the first dose is ineffectual, repeat it.
2. Give the horse a table spoonful of unslak- ed lime, with his food or water, morning and evening, during three or four days.
3. Take copperas, two table spoonfuls——wa- ter, milk-warm, one pint—dissolve the copper- as; and drench with the mixture. If the horse be not relieved in fifteen minutes, repeat the dose. Then give him a purge; composed of soft soap and molasses, each, one pint; with a handful of salt. If the dose should not operate in four or five bours, it must be repeated.
21
4, Apply spirits of turpentine to the outside of the breast and stomach, and the bots will im- mediately let go their hold; and will soon be expelled.
BROKEN WIND.
Causes.—Broken wind is supposed to be fre- quently produced by excessive fatigue—heavy _drafis—sudden changes from heat to eold—vio- lent exercise, when the stomach is distended with food or water—and fulness of habit.
Symptoms.—When a horse is broken-winded, he draws up his flanks slowly, and drops them suddenly—breathes with great difficulty ; atten- ded with a disagreeable, wheezing noise ; and, frequently, with a cough.
MITIGATIONS.
Although this disease is generally allowed to be incurable; yet, by care and attention, it may be greatly alleviated.—The food should be compact and nutritious; such as corn and old hay. Itis said that molasses, in very small quantities, has been given in water, with great success. Some have used tar water, and others, limewater. But the greatest dependance should
22
be in giving sparing supplies of substantial food, with regular and very moderate exercise. If the cough should prove troublesome, take away two or three quarts of blood, every other day, a few times.
BRUISES.
* |
Description.—Bruises are external injuries ;_
occasioned by accident, or by some cruel treat- ment,
REMEDIES.
4. Horse ointment.—Into a clean pipkin, that. | holds about a quart, put yellow rosin, the size of a hen’s egg—when melted over a slow fire, | add the same quantity of bees-wax—when that ' is melted, put in hog’s lard, half a pound— that being dissolved, add two ounces of honey ; | when that is dissolved, put in common turpen- | tine, half a pound—keep it gently boiling ; and | stir it with a stick all the time—when the tur- — pentine is dissolved, add two ounces of verdi-— gris ; taking the pipkin from the fire immediate- ly, to prevent the mixture from running over— © set it on again; stir it a little; and strain it through a coarse sieve into a clean vessel, for use.
23
2. Take of vinegar, one quart—laudanum, half an ounce—sugar of lead, one fourth of an ounce—mix them well together; and apply it to the affected part, three or four times a day. If the place will admit of it, bind on a flannel, doubled, and wet with the mixture; which will keep the wound continually moist.
3. If the swelling should not abate, apply a poultice made of a strong decoction of red oak bark and meal, once a day; until it subsides.
4. But when swellings cannot be dispersed by ihe above means, and, by pressing with the finger, it is discovered that matter is formed; the best way is to open the skin, and allow the bruise to discharge its contents—after which it will generally heal, in a very short time, by <eeping it entirely clean, with soap-suds alone... But if, after the matter is discharged, the place should appear rotten, and of a dark colour, in- licating mortification; with considerable inflam- nation—bleed plentifully—feed on bran, oats, w light food of any kind—and repeat the red tak poultice—which will soon remove the in- lammation, cleanse the wound, and change its jppearance. After which, any of the simples,
24
recommended for healing wounds, may be used. See Wounds.
COLICK OR GRIPES.
Causes.—Improper feeding, watering, or ri ding—sometimes, a want of energy in the stom: ach or bowels; which occasions a spasmodic constriction of the intestines, and a confinement of air—and, sometimes, the colick is produced by costiveness.
Symptoms.—The colick commences witl! restlessness, and uneasiness in the horse’s mani ner of standing—frequently pawing—he voids but small quantities of excrement—makes many fruitless attempts to stale—kicks his belly witl his hind legs—often looks round to his flank: —expresses his pain by groans—lies down rolls, and gets up again—his ears are generally cold; while he frequently sweats about the flanks and shoulders—his body swells—and he often manifests a disposition to lie down in haste
REMEDIES.
4. Take from the neck vein half a gallon o blood. Then take of laudanum, one ounce—
25
mint tea, milk warm, one quart—mix them well in a bottle; and drench with the mixture. Let the horse be well rubbed under the belly— and give him an injection; consisting of meal, water, molasses, salt, and hog’s lard, milk warm. See Clystering.
2. Take of mint tea, one pint and a half— gin, or any other spirituous liquor, half a pint— mix them well in a bottle; and give it as a drench—-taking care to give him a good rubbing. If this should not have the desired effect, in fif- teen minutes, repeat the dose.
3. Take of camphire, a quarter of an ounce— oil of turpentine, half an ounce—wmint tea, one pint—mixed in a bottle ; and drench with them. Confine the horse in a close stable—cover him with three or four blankets—and place two large tubs of boiling water under his belly ; which will throw him into a profuse sweat ; and relieve him from pain.
In addition to the above ; clysters, consisting of the following ingredients, should be injected every half hour; until his bowels are opened— water, half a gallon—salt one handful—oil, of any kind, and molasses, of each, one pint—
mixed well together. C
26 COLD AND CATARRH.
Causes. Want of good rubbing, after violent exercise—being changed from a warm and com- fortable stable to a cold and open one—stand- ing out, late at night, in the dew—plunging deep into cold water, while heated, and in a profuse perspiration.
Symptoms. A watery discharge from the eyes and nostrils—and a cough.
REMEDIES.
1. On the first attack of this disease, bleeding will frequently be found an effectual remedy— but, if neglected till a considerable discharge at the nostrils has taken place, it seldom proves beneficial.
2. The following laxative will be found use- ful ; and may be repeated, after a few days, if it should appear necessary. It will generally prevent those obstinate, and sometimes incura- ble coughs, which often remain after a cold; and which frequently terminate in broken wind.
Take Barbadoes aloes, three or four drams ——emetic tartar, one dram and a half—castile,
27
soap, two drams—and syrup enough to form a ball,* for one dose.
3. The following dose of fever-powder should be given every morning and evening, until the symptoms abate; or a considerable diuretic effect is produced ; and then, only every second or third day, as long as may appear necessary or proper.
Fever powder. Mix powdered nitre, one ounce, with camphire and tartarized antimony, of each, two drams, for one dose.
COUGH.
Causes. A cough is frequently occasioned by a cold ; and sometimes by worms in the stomach and bowels. And when it has been of long continuance, and becomes settled, it often proves incurable.
REMEDIES.
i. Take two or three quarts of blood from the neck—then give one of the following balls, evéry morning, till purging is produced— which, with a proper attention to exercise and
# A ball should be dipped in sweet oil, or melted butter, before given.
25
diet, has sometimes effected a cure. ‘he sia- | ble should be properly ventilated, and kept — clean. |
Take socotorine aloes, from one to two drams —castile soap, two drams—and tartarized anti- mony, two drams—with syrup enough to form © a ball, for one dose.
If the disease should not submit to this, make | use of the following—Gum ammoniac, threc | drams—powdered squills and opium, of each, | one dram—camphire, two drams—with syrup | enough to form a ball, for one dose.
2. Put three or four quarts of tar into a wide vessel, open at one end, capable of containing © eight or ten gallons—keep a sufficent quantity — of soft water on the tar for use—and let the horse drink plentifully of it without any other | kind of drink. |
CURB.
Description. 'The curb is a swelling on the | back part of the hock, which sometimes occa-_ sions lameness.
REMEDY.
Blistering, with rest, is said to be the only
remedy for this disease; and it is frequently
29
necessary to apply two or three blisters, before the swelling will be entirely reduced. See Blistering.
CORNS.
Description. Hard and painful excrescences growing on the bottom of the foot.
Causes. Unskilful shoeing, or some other improper management.
REMEDIES.
4. Remove the corn with a drawing knife ; and place the shoe so that the tender part may not receive any pressure.
2. If the above remedy has been neglected, matter will sometimes be formed in the affected part, and break out at the coronet, or upper edge of the hoof. It will then be necessary to make an opening for it, in the angle between the bar and crust—dress the sore with com- pound tincture of benzoin—and loosely fill the cavity with the following digestive ointment— kept in by a bar-shoe.
Olive oil, one pint—yellow wax and black rosin, of each, four ounces——-Burgundy pitch
and turpentine, of each, two ounces—melt the C2
30
wax, rosin and pitch in the oil, over a slow fire 5 and, when taken off, stir inthe turpentine. For | large wounds, where a plentiful discharge is required, stir into the above mixture three ounces of spirits of turpentine, that they may | incorporate while getting cool. |
CANKER IN THE FOOT.
Description. This dangerous disease fre- | quently originates with a thrush ; and generally | attacks the hind feet. It very often proves dif- — ficult to cure, and sometimes incurable. The | frog is the first part attacked; which becomes soft and rotten; discharging matter of a very offensive smell. The horny frog is at length | totally destroyed; and the sensible frog, instead — of secreting horn, forms a substance somewhat | resembling shreds of leather. ‘The disease soon extends to the sole and other parts of the foot— even to the coffin bone—and is then considered incurable.
REMEDY.
The first thing to be done is to cut away all the diseased pars - and when the bleeding is stopped, apply the following strong liniment;
ot
and renew it every morning—to be kept on by a bar-shoe. Pressure on the diseased part will materially assist in effecting a cure, if a cure be possible. Whenever the foot is dressed, such diseased parts as may again appear, must be carefully removed—and to such parts as are not sufficiently affected by the liniment, apply a little sulphuric or nitrous acid. When those places which were diseased begin to look red and healthy ; and the discharge loses the smell before noticed—becoming whiter, and of a thick- er consistence, there is a great probability of a cure being effected—and when these favourable symptoms take place, an application of the fol- lowing mild liniment will be proper; except to such parts as have not lost their foul appear- ance.
Strong linoment. Mix, very cautiously, oil of turpentine, one ounce—sulphuric acid, half an ounce—to which add tar, four ounces.
Mild liniment. Crystalized verdigris, pow- dered, one ounce—honey, two ounces—pow- dered bole and alum, of each, half an ounce— and vinegar enough to give it the consistence of a liniment—mixed over a gentle fire.
82 CANKER IN THE MOUTH.
Cause. This troublesome complaint gener- ally proceeds from an excoriation or wound in the mouth, when it becomes foul, and contains | a corroding slough; which must be brought | away, or destroyed, before a cicatrice can be formed so as to effect a cure.
REMEDY.
Take borax and burnt alum, of each, half an | ounce—reduce them to a very fine powder, and dissolve them in one gill of boiling water—when > cold, add styptic tincture, one ounce—and let the affected part be touched with some of the | solution, every day, till the slough comes away | —the cure may then be completed by applying, — occasionally, the tincture of myrrh and vinegar, equal parts.
CUTTING.
Definition. A horse is said to cut, when, in travelling, he wounds the inside of the fetlock joint, or knee, with the other foot.
Causes. The most common cause is an im- proper position of the foot; the toe inclining
33
either inward or outward. Cutting is, also, frequently occasioned by weakness or fatigue ; and is very liable to happen to young horses, when travelling over deep and heavy ground.
REMEDIES.
4. When the toe inclines inward, and the horse is too much hurried, he is liable to eut inside of the knee, at the lower part of the joint; and may, therefore, be considered a dangerous sad- dle horse; for the pain which the stroke occa- sions, sometimes causes him to fall suddenly. One remedy is to keep the toe as short as pos- sible ; and to alter the improper position of the foot, by proper shoeing. See Shoeing.
2. When the toe inclines outward, the inner quarter of the hoof is generally lower than the other—to remedy which, the outer quarter must be lowered ; and the inner one raised, by hay- ing the shoe thicker on that side.
3. In the last case, the best remedy is to avoid the cause, until the legs acquire more strength.
When a horse cuts, endeavour to ascertain what part inflicts the wound, by applying tar to the wounded place; for the tar will adhere
34
to the hoof, or shoe, that comes in contact with | it; and the cause may be easily removed by | the farrier. |
CRIB.BITING.
Crib-biting, as it is called, is a pernicious | habit of gnawing a manger, post, tree, and al- | most any thing else, within a horse’s reach— — and though not a disease itself; is yet, the | cause of diseases—for, by sucking in too much — air, and wasting his saliva, the stomach is ren-_ dered unable to perform its functions; and colick, | and other distressing disorders, generally ensue. —
REMEDY.
The most effectual method of subduing the disagreeable habit of Crib-biting, is that of covering the edge of the manger, and every part that the horse can lay hold of, with sheepskin ; the wool outward.
DIARRH@A; PURGING, OR SCOURING.
Causes. ‘Taking cold—hard riding—over- feeding —eating unwholesome food, &c.—Some- times it is occasioned by a suppression of per- spiration—or by an increased secretion of bile.
35 REMEDIES.
It requires considerable judgment to discover when to suppress a purging, and when to pro- mote it. Ifthe disease should be produced by any of the four first-mentioned causes, aitended with a slight fever, it should be encouraged, by an opening diet and plenty of warm gruel—but if it continue long, without gripings ; the mucus of the bowels coming away ; and the horse lose his flesh—if he void great quantities of slime and greasy matter—give him the following drench—and repeat it, every other day, three times.
4. Linitive electuary and cream of tartar, of each, four ounces—yellow rosin, finely powder- ed, one ounce—sweet oil, four ounces—mixed with a pint of water gruel.
The following alterative ball, alone, has been found successful; when given twice a week, with scalded bran and water gruel.
2. Socotorine aloes, half an ounce—diapente, one ounce-—made into a ball with the juice of Spanish liquorice, dissolved in water, and a spoonful of oil of amber.
To this may be added two drams of myrrh,
36
one dram of saffron, and half an ounce of rhu- barb.
3. Take opium, one dram—antimony, three drams—powdered ginger, two drams—and syrup, of any kind, sufficient to make a ball— to be repeated, if necessary.
The horse should be well covered—his drink temperately warm—and moderate excercise. should not be neglected. :
DIABETES, OR EXCESSIVE STALING.
Causes. Old disorders—surfeits—excessive | hard travelling, &c.
A horse of a weak constitution is very diffi- | cult to cure; but if the following remedies are: applied when the disease first appears ; and he! be otherwise in tolerable health, the cure, by proper attention, will be almost certain. |
REMEDIES.
4. Take of opium, one dram—assafcetida,, two drams—powdered ginger, two drams——red| oak bark, powdered, one ounce—and syrup, of; any kind, sufficient to make two balls, for one: dose—which must be repeated three times with-. ina week. ‘The horse should not be allowed
37
to drink a great deal of waters; and a little salt may be put into the quantity given him.
2. Take of red wine, one pint—water, one pint—gum arabic, one ounce—mix, and give
them as a drench, three times a week.
3. Take salts of hartshorn, three drams— opium, one dram—powdered ginger, two drams —liquorice, half an ounce—and syrup, of any kind, sufficient to make the whole into two -balis—to be given at two different times within a week, Nourishing food, moderate excercise, and a clean stable, will be necessary.
DISORDERS OF THE KIDNEYS AND BLADDER.
Symptoms. A weakness in the back and —loins—difficulty of staling—faintness——loss of appetite—dead appearance of the eyes—the urine thick, foul, and sometimes bloody; espe- elally after a violent strain.
REMEDIES.
4. Plentiful bleeding is said to be the best remedy, in order to prevent inflammation; and especially if a fever attend a difficulty of sta- ling; for then there is reason to suppose the
_ kidneys to be already inflamed. D
38
2. A rowel in the belly has sometimes been found useful—and the following ball may be given twice or thrice a day, with a pint of marsh- mallow decoction; in which half an ounce of gum arabic is dissolved, with an ounce of honey.
Take Locatellus balsam, one ounce—sper- maceti, six drams—sal prunella, half an ounce —mixed into a ball with honey—and, if the urine be bloody, add half an ounce of Japan earth.
3. Should the fever continue, repeat the bleed- ing; and administer emollient clysters, and a coul, opening drink.
If notwithstanding these means, the urine pass with difficulty and pain; give the following ball; and repeat it, two or three times a day, till the horse stales with more freedom, and without pain; and his urine becomes of a proper con- sistence.
Take balsam capivi, or Strasburg turpen- tine, and Venice soap, of each, one ounce— nitre, six drams—powdered myrrh, two drams
—make them into a ball with honey; and wash
it down with the marshmallow decoction, See Stranguary.
39 DISEASES OF 'THE EYES.
Causes. External injuries—colds and fevers —high feeding, without sufficient exercise—too violent exercise—a dark stable, not properly ventilated—foul litter, &c.
REMEDIES.
1. If an external wound should be inconsid- erable ; and attended with only a slight inflam- mation, swelling of the eyelid, or a discharge of water from the eye—a mixture of cold spring water and vinegar, or molasses, frequently and gently applied, with a soft sponge, will gener- ally effect a cure.
2. But, in more violent cases, and when there is much swelling, it will be necessary to bleed moderately ; and give a laxative ball, made of socotorine aloes, four drams——and castile soap, half an ounce. And apply a poultice of the pulp of roasted or boiled apples, cleared from their seeds and husks—or, of conserve of roses and vinegar, with a little bole, and the white of an ege. When the swelling is abated, either of the following washes may be used.
White vitriol, half an ounce—sugar of lead, iwo drams—dissolved in a pint of spring water.
40
To these may be added, when the inflammation |
is removed, and the saliva is abundant, half an ounce of tutty, or compound powder of cerus.
Let the eye and eyelid be gently bathed — with a clean, soft sponge, dipped in the above |
lotion, three or four times a day—or it may be applied with a feather, so as to leave a few drops of the liquid on the eye.
Or; Take of rose buds, two drams—infuse |
them in half a pint of boiling water—when cold, pour off the infusion—add twenty grains of sugar of lead—and apply it as the other.
If the horse be fleshy, and of a gross consti- | tution, bleeding may be repeated. His diet should be scalded bran or barley—and ne
drink cooling and laxative.
When the veins under the eyes are turgid, opening them with a lancet is frequently useful. See Inflammation of the Eyes.
There are other diseases to which the eyes of a horse are continually subject; and which fre-_ quently occasion defective vision; and some-—
times terminate in total blindness.
Symptoms. When there is any suspicion |
that a horse’s eyes are imperfect, some of the
\ |
%
AA
- following modes of examination will seldom fail to discover the fact.
ist. Confine him ina dark stable about fifteen minutes—then lead him hastily into a strong light—if he wink fast—wrinkle his brows— throw up his head, as if desirous of receiving more light—and move his ears, backward and forward slowly, his eyes are not good.
2d. Hf the ball of the eye appear covered with a film, or the corners with the remains of one—if the pupil be large, and light coloured ; without occasicnally contracting—his eyes are _ diseased.
3d. If be can be driven against a tree, or any other object, which he should avoid; and at which he sbould be alarmed—his eyes are im- perfect. .
4th. If, when travelling over rough ground, he blunder frequently—and require the con- stant attention of his rider, to manage him—his eyes are defective.
5th. When going, if he lift his feet high and awkwardly; and appear not to know where to place them—there is sufficient reason to suspect
he is blind. D2
42 REMEDY.
To remove a film—mix roche alum and white vitriol, of each, one scruple, finely powdered, with a gill of spring water—and, witha feather, put one or two drops into the eye, morning and evening.
EXCESSIVE PURGING.
Causes. ‘Too much purgative medicine—or an improper treatment, during the operation of il.
REMEDIES.
1. Drench with an ounce of Venice treacle, in a pint of warm water—and repeat the dose, if necessary—kcep the horse warmly clothed, and in a state of rest.
2, Mix eight ounces of the preparation of ar- rowroot with a little cold water—add this mix- ture to a gallon of boiling water—the whole well stirred—and, after boiling two minutes, remove it from the fire. About a quart should be given every hour, until the purging abates.
A horse should never be suffered to drink cold water, during the operation of medicine— nor be exposed to wetorcold. See Injflamma- tion of the Bowels.
43 FEVERS.
There are two kinds of fevers, to which the horse is subject—one, denominated simple, and the other, symptomatic fever.
SIMPLE FEVER.
Cause. A collapsion of the vessels of per- spiration ; which compels the blood to aecumu- Jate in the interior parts of the body; and occa- sions a derangement in the whole system.
Symptoms. Shivering; succeeded by loss of appetite—dejected countenance—quick pulse— hot mouth—debility—costiveness—difficulty of staling—and, sometimes, shortness of breath ; and pain in the bowels.
-
REMEDIES.
4. As soon as a horse is attacked with this disease, he should be bled freely ; according to his strength and condition—and, if costiveness be one of the symptoms, give him a pint of cas- tor oil, or oil of olives—and inject a clyster of warm water-gruel, about two quarts.
After the oil operates, one of the following fever powders should be given once in twelve
44
hours—and continued untii its diuretic effect becomes considerable.
2, Powdered nitre, one ounce—camphire and tartarized antimony, of each, two drams—all mixed, for one dose.
Or—Powdered nitre, one ounce—and un-. washed calx of antimony, two drams—mixed, | for one dose. ‘3
Or—Antimonial powder, three drams—and_ camphire, one dram—mixed for one dose. |
| |
SYMPTOMATIC FEVER.
Causes. High feeding—close stable—want : of proper exercise—sudden transition from a cold to a hot temperature—taken from erass, and suddenly confined in a warm stable—ex- | cessive exertion, long continuedextensive wounds—inflammation of the lungs, bowels, kidneys, bladder, &c. |
Symptoms. ‘Che symptomatic fever has many | symptoms in common with the simple fever— which are, loss of appetite—quick pulse—de- jected appearance—hot mouth—debility, &&.—_ Bat, if it be occasioned by an inflammation of’ the lungs, those symptoms will be attended with
<
45
difficulty of breathing—quick working of the
flanks*—coldness of the ears and legs, Xc.
REMEDY.
The most effectual remedy is copious bleed- ing, atthe commencement of the disease; and
repeated in six hours, if the symptoms do not
abate—taking care to regulate the quantity of
blood drawn off, by the effect produced. * Blis-
tering the sides, and rowelling the chest, may also be found useful—and, afterward, give the following ball, morning and evening, until the staling is considerably increased—and then one ball, daily, will be sufficient.
Take powdered nitre, six drams—camphire, one dram—with syrup and linseed oil, sufficient
to make a ball. See Inflammations.
FARCY. Description. The Farcey is, perhaps, the
* To know whether bleeding: will be proper or not; and to what extent it may be carried, with safety, it is essential to examine the state of the pulse ; and observe the appearance of the horse, when taken from the stable—for if much debility is indicated by his manner of walking, a corresponding weakness will be found
_ in the pulse—and, under those circumstances, bleeding would certainly be injurious. See Bleeding.
46
most formidable and destructive disease (o which | horses are subject; and is so contagious that, very frequently, every individual on a plantation are totally destroyed by it. The first appear- | ance of this malady is in the veins, being full and hard; and an eruption of small tumors, cal- led buds, about the legs, lips, face, neck, or any part of the body—which, in some cases, are so small, few in number, and occasion so. little inconvenience to the animal, that, for a | time, they escape observation—but in other cases, they are larger—more numerous—pain- |
ful—spread more rapidly—and a general swel- | ling of the affected part frequently takes place, — These buds, which, at first, are hard, soon grow soft, and burst—discharge an oily or bloody ichor—and will, finally, become foul and spread- ing ulcers, of a peculiar appearance. And it may be observed, that this disease has an inva- riable direction to the heart—for, if it commence in the legs, it proceeds upwards—if in the- neck, it advances towards the chest—and if in — the lips or nose, its tendency is to the glands under the jaw. Sometimes, when the tumours suppurate, the disease spreads under the skio —and when this occurs ou the hock joint, or on —
47
ihe flexor tendons of the legs, it generally pro- duces lameness; and is difficult to cure. When the disorder becomes extensive, it is usually accompanied with Glanders; or very quickly succeeded by it. See Glunders.
Symptoms. In some cases, the horse grad- ually loses flesh and strength—his coat becomes dry—the skin tight—and the hind legs swell. In other instances, he is attacked with lame- ness—and all without any visible cause; but, after a few days, the nature of the disease will be obvious.
Causes. 'The most common cause appears to be contagion, from a horse already affected with the malady, or with Glanders—or it may be produced by a stagnation of the blood, in the eapillary vessels, which becomes corrupt, and breaks out in tumors.
Preventive. ‘The free use of assafcetida, in the manger, watering vessel, and about the bridle bit, is recommended, as a certain antidote against the contagion of Farcy.
REMEDIES.
4. In the first stage of the disease, bleed three
48
times a week ; taking half a gallon of blood ai a time—feed chiefly on bran, oats, or any food easily digested—remove all filth from about the stable—give mashes of bran, three times a week, scalded with sassafras tea, with one table spoon-. ful of powdered sulphur, and one tea spoonful! of nitre—not permitting the horse to drink for six hours afterward. Wrap half an ounce of assafoetida in a clean linen rag, and fasten it in’ the bottom of his manger; and the same quan-. tity in the bottom of his drinking vessel—and let his drink be equal parts of water and a strong: decoction of sassafras. ‘The buds, or ulcers: should be washed, once a day, with blue stone or copperas water—and, if the knees or ancles are swelled, spread mercurial ointment on soft lea- ther, and bind it on the part, as tightly as possi- ble, without giving pain. |
In the second week, bleed twice ; proportion-: ing the quantity to the strength and condition of the horse—give him bran mashes, prepared as before—and renew the assafoetida, in botly places, if necssary.
In the third week, bleed but once—taking one quart of blood—continuing the treatment before: directed. He should be moderately exercised,
49
twice a day; and have a little homony, occasion- ally, offered to him, to preserve his appetite. And, at the expiration of the third week, if the disease was only local, it will be removed.
2. When the Farcy becomes epidemical, the cure is very difficult; and the aid of more active medicine will be required. ‘To a horse thus diseased, give the following bail every night, for a week.
Calomel, twenty-five grains—powdered fen- nel seed, a quarter of an ounce—syrup, of any kind, a small quantity—all mixed with as much crumb of loaf-bread as will make a ball about the size of an English walnut. All buds, or ulcers, must be washed clean with blue stone _ water—after which they should be well rubbed around with mercurial ointment, once a day— a narrow pitch plaster must be laid on at the _ junction of the head and neck, in the direction of the throat-latch; for the purpose of taking off the hair; which it will do in two or three days. After which, a lump of mercurial oint- ment, about the size of a hickory nut, should be rubbed on the naked part, among the large glands of the throat, until it is intirely absorbed, every night and morning, during the week. The treatment, BUneenyys may be similar to that
50
recommended in the first stage of the disorder ; with these exceptions—the sulphur must be omitted in his mashes; because it would coun- teract the effect of the calomel and ointment. His drink should be a litthke warm—he must not be bled—and great care should be observed to prevent his getting wet; and catching cold,
in any way, while going through the course of ©
physic.
At the expiration of the first week, suspend the use of the balls and ointment, for one week —and add sulphur to the mashes, as before
directed. At the close of the second week, omit _ the sulpbur; and recommence with the balls and ointment. Proceed in this manner, chang- —
ing the medicine, each week, until a cure is ef- fected.
Sometimes a horse’s mouth may become sore, ©
while the balls and ointment are used. When- ever this is discovered, omit giving the balls—
and use sulphur in his mashes, as before—
which will soon remove the soreness from his mouth. a,
FISTULA.
Description. A Fistula is a sinuous ulcer on the withers of a horse; which generally
Sf
_ proceeds from a pinch or bruise from the sad- dle. REMEDIES,
4. When the wound is recent, and not atten- ded with much swelling, bathe it, three or four times a day, with very warm vinegar. But, if that fail, mix either one ounce of the oil of vit- riol, or half an ounce of white vitriol, dissolved in a little water, with one quart of yinegar— and bathe, as before. Carefully guarding against a repetition of the injury already sus- tained.
2. If the above applications prove ineffectual, in repelling the disease ; a suppuration must be promoted ; by applying the following fomenta- _ tion, several times in a day, with a woollen cloth, as hot as the horse can bear, without pain.
Take either wormwood, chamomile, bay leaves, mullen, life-everlasting, or some other bitter herb—boil it in water to a strong decoc- tion—and strain it for use.
When matter is formed, let the tumour be opened, by a skilful hand; and, after the con- tents are completely evacuated, wash the, sore perfectly clean, with strong soap-suds—and ap- ply the following ointment, once a day.
Verdigris and copperas, of each, half an
52
ounce—oil of turpentine, one ounce—ointment — of yellow resin, four ounces—well mixed.
As soon as healthy matter is discharged, the ointment may discontinued—and nothing further will be necessary; except keeping the affected part intirely clean, with strong soap-suds.
3. When a Fistula first appears, it may be removed, by placing a rowel, or seton, in each | shoulder, just below the swelled part—which | should be kept running two or three weeks. |
FOUNDER.
Causes. Excessive hard travelling—plung- | ing into deep and cold water, while hot and | sweating—eating too much green corn—or too — much bran, alone, while performing hard | labour—drinking too freely of cold water, when | very warm—eating too much strong food, after long fasting—violent exercise, when the belly is very full, &c.
Symptoms. Great heat in the legs and pas-_ terns—soreness in the feet—stiffness in all the. limbs; so that the horse frequently refuses to— move, Without compulsion —his flanks and lower part of his belly are drawn up—his hide be- comes bound—his feet placed a little more for-_ ward than usual or natural—a constant thirst—
53
and, very often, a considerable swelling of the ancles. REMEDIES.
4. Take one gallon of blood from the neck vein—give a drench, consisting of one quart of sassafras tea, one tea spoonful of nitre, and a quarter of an ounce of assafoetida—and the horse must not be suffered to eat or drink for six hours -afterward—when, if he should appear no better, the bleeding should be repeated ; by taking half a gallon more from the neck, and give him another similar drench. At night, offer him some bran or oats, scalded with sassafras tea and if green food, fresh from the field, can be procured for him, it will open his bowels, and cool his sys- tem. His feet should be well cleaned out; and _ then filled with fresh cow dung; which may be confined to the parts by pieces of leather. His drink must be equal quantities of sassafras tea and water, with a little salt added. Next morn- ing, if the horse appear much better, little fur- ther attention will be necessary ; except that of giving him food in small quantities.
2. If the above remedy has produced no favourable change, tie a small cord a little above the knees; and, with a lancet or fleam, bleed in
a vein that runs round the coronet, just above a
54
ihe hoof—take a pint of blood from each leg— give him one pound of salts, dissolved in a quart of water, in a drench—keep his feet stuffed with fresh cow dung—and bathe his legs with equal parts of sharp vinegar, spirits and sweet — | oil, or lard.
A foundered horse will sometimes seek a dunghill te stand on—which should always be prevented ; as the heat of it will increase the fever.
When horses have been once foundered, they are subject to it ever afterward. Large ridges on the hoofs, or a turning up of the toes, are strong indications of old founders, or other in- juries.
GLANDERS.
Causes. 'This fatal disorder is generally be- lieved to be the effect of contagion—but, in some cases, itis supposed to proceed from severe and repeated colds.
Symptoms. A discharge of matter from one — or both nostrils—and a hard swelling of the glands, between the bones of the lower jaw. In the early stage of the malady, the discharge is small ; and, commonly, from one nostril only ; in which case, the swelling is mostly confined
55
to that side. But, as the disease advances, the glands under the jaw will become enlarged— ulcerations in both nostrils generally suceceed— the discharge of matter will increase; and fre- quently mixed with blood. When the disorder “has arrived at this stage, the ulcerated parts with- in the nostrils, with the accumulation of matter, render respiration extremely difficult—and, very probably, the poor animal will soon be relieved from his misery by death. As soon as a horse is suspected of having the glanders, immediate care should be taken to keep him intirely by himself ; in order to prevent others from becom- | ing victims to the deadly disease.
REMEDIES. 4. When the swelling under the jaw becomes ‘very prominent, foment with the following de- coction, twice a day. | ‘Take chamomile, wormwood, marsh-mallow, and elder flowers, of each, one handful—boil them in three quarts of water, for a quarter of an hour—strain off the liquid—and, while hot, fo- ment the swelling with it, twice a day; with a soft woollen cloth—confine the herbs on the af- fected part, as a poultice—and repeat the ap- plication two or three days. _ 2. If, by the above means, the tumours tend
56
to suppuration; increasing in size, and becoming | soft in the middle; continue the fomentation— and apply the following poultice, morning and evening.
Take of coarse bread, barley meal, and cha-| momile or elder flowers, of each, one handful—_ boil them in a sufficient quantity of milk, or of | the above decoction—into which stir white lily) root, washed clean, and pounded to a paste ; ini quantity, about one third of the whole mass—, adding thereto powdered linseed and fenugree,, of each, one ounce—stirring in, while hot, of turpentine, two ounces—and lard, four ounces,, Divide the mixture into two equal parts; one of | which must be applied to the swelling, moder-. ately warm; and confined with a firm bandage, , during twelve hours—then remove it, and apply the other part in a similar manner. The poultice} should be renewed, night and morning, until an opening in the swelling is effected—and, after enlarging the orifice with a suitable instrument, apply the following ointment, spread on tow—. repeating the poultices a day ortwolonger. —
Take of yellow basilicon, two ounces—tur-] pentine and black basilicon, of each, one ounceil, —red precipitate, finely powdered, half an ounce—melt the two basilicons together, over aij)
57
slow fire—when taken off, stir in the turpentine —and, lastly, when cool, add the precipitate— incorporating the whole together on a smooth stone. If the above remedies should not remove the disease ; the horse should be immediately put to death, and buried—and his stable, with all the appurtenances, be thoroughly cleansed and white-washed.
GRAVEL.
Description. ‘The gravel consists of small
stones in the bladder; which prevent a free
discharge of urine ; and often produces extreme pain.
Symptoms. Frequent stretching—groaning —many fruitless attempts to stale; discharging but a few drops at a time, with great difficulty —and, though clear of fever, yet his appearance
_is dull and sleepy.
REMEDY.
Take of marsh-mallow, watermelon seeds, and asparagus, of each, two large handfuls— boil them in three quarts of water, until reduced to one quart—add one tea spoonful of nitre— strain it well—and give it as a drench. Then, with sweet oil, or fresh butter, anoint his sheath
58
—and, after gently drawing out the penis, anoint | that also—next, grease the large seam exten- ding from the penis nearly to the anus—and, finally, with a little pressure of the hand, stroke the seam downward to the extreme end of the! penis, for ten minutes, every hour; until the: horse has a more free discharge of urine—which| may be expected in a short time, after his taking} the drench. If, however, that should not take; place in three hours; repeat the dose—and continue the external application.
GREASE, OR SCRATCHES.
| )
Description. Au inflammation and swelling; of the heels—succeeded by a discharge of mat- ter—and sometimes the fever and swelling ex. tend to the knees or hocks. i
Causes. Excessive hard travelling—stand-_ ing long in the stable on hot dung, or in mud— legs and feet left wet and dirty all night.
REMEDIES. |
4. Let the horse have a clean stable—take half a gallon of blood from the neck vein—. wash his legs and ancles well, with strong soap) suds—clean his feet—and apply to the affected | parts strong copperas water, twice a day ; until!
59
a cure is effected. Give him, twice a week, a mash of bran, with a tea spoonful of nitre, and one table spoonful of flour of sulphur.
2. After the horse is placed in a clean stall; and his feet are well cleaned and washed with soap suds—take of blue stone, one ounce— alum, four ounces—strong decoction of red oak bark, half a gallon—stir them together until the alum and blue stone are dissolved—with this mixture, wash the sores and inflamed parts, twice a day. Give him light or green food if to be had.
3. After washing the legs and ancles with soap-suds ; and cleaning the feet; take flour of sulphur and hog’s lard, of each, one table spoon- ful—mix them well together—and anoint the sores, and parts inflamed, twice a day. A horse’s legs will get well much sooner, when he is confined in a clean stable, than when he runs at liberty.
HIDE-BOUND.
Description. In this complaint, the skin of a horse is so closely attached to his flesh and ribs, that it can hardly be moved over them ; or taken up with the thumb and fingers—the coat,
60
at the same time, has a rough and sickly appear- ance. |
Causes. Excessive labour—poverty—feed- ing on musty hay, or bad food of any kind— worms—want of attention in the groom—fever, , or some other disease.
REMEDY.
Furnish the horse with a clean stable, fresh: litter, and kind treatment—let him bave plenty’ of good bran and oais—take half a gallon of! blood from the neck vein—at night, give him: a mash, composed of four quarts of bran scald-. ed with sassafras tea; one table spoonful of flour’ of sulphur; and one tea spoonful of nitre—not: permitting him to drink for six hours after-. ward. On the next day, at noon, give him aj drench ; consisting of warm sassafras tea, one quart—copperas, two table spoonfuls—and ni- tre, one tea spoonful. ‘
Let him have proper dressing, plenty of air,, moderate exercise, sound oats, sweet hay, and! clean soft water.
HOOF-BOUND.
Description. A contraction of the hoof—and, , sometimes, an increased thickness of it—by
64
either of which the sensible parts of the foot become too much compressed.
Causes. Keeping the horse’s feet too dry— strait shoeing—or, cutting the frog so much as to prevent its touching the ground. See Shoeing.
Symptoms. 'The bottom of the foot is chang- ed from a circular form to that of an oblong— inflammation and lameness—and, frequently, the frog becomes putrid ; and discharges a very offensive matter. See Thrush.
: REMEDIES.
4. Carefully remove all the carious parts of the frog with a knife—apply tar to those parts which are sound—and pour a small quantity of the same, or oil of turpentine, into the cleft of the frog. This will promote the secretion of horny matter ; and, if assisted by pressure, will increase the solidity of that which is already formed. ‘The quarters and heels must be trim- med with a rasp; and all the superfluous parts of the sole and toe removed with a butteris ; so that the frog may come in moderate contact with the ground. If the crust at the heel be too deep, it must be taken off, but, if too shallow, the shoe should be made thicker at the heel than the toe; and a litile igi than usual.
62
2. When the feet have been treated as above | directed, care must be taken to keep them as — moist as possible—and the frogs continually exposed to pressure. In a short time they will | become so hard and solid, that, if the season will | admit of it, the horse, unsbod, may be turned out | to grass in soft meadow ground—where proper | attention must be given, both to him and his feet. See Shoeing.
INFLAMMATION OF THE EYES.
Causes. Colds and fevers—high feeding, without sufficient exercise, &e. See Diseases of the Eyes.
Symptoms. ‘The transparent part of the eye i has a film-like appearance—the lids are partly | closed—and the haws are more visible than usual.
REMEDIES,
4. When the eyes become inflamed in conse- quence of a cold or fever, care must be taken — to remove the cause—and the effect will natu- rally cease. See Cold and Catarrh.
2. An inflammation of the eyes, occasioned by high feeding, violent exercise, a dark stable, &c. would, perhaps, be much easier prevented than cured—but, when they do become affected,
63
take two or three quarts of blood from the neck —or proportion the quantity to the violence of ‘the disease, and condition of the horse. Then give him a laxative ball; made of aloes and Castile soap, each, three drams.
Or—sgive him a drench; consisting of half a pound of Glauber’s salts, dissolved in three quarts of water—and keep his bowels open with bran mashes.
INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH. Causes. Poisons—strong medicines—or bots.
Symptoms. When the inflammation is occa- sioned by poison, or strong medicine, incautious- ly administered, the disease will commence suddenly—the pulse will be quick and weak— the extremities cold—respiration disturbed— and the countenance will appear dejected.
REMEDY.
Give the horse plenty of oily or slimy liquids —such as decoction of linseed; or gum arabic, dissolved in water—and inject clysters of a strong decoction of linseed, or water gruel.
When the disease is the effect of bots, apply
the remedies prescribed for that complaint. See Bots.
64 INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.
Causes. High feeding on dry provision, without proper exercise—drinking too much — cold water when heated by vivlent exercise— exposure to cold or rain, under similar circum- stances—fiatulent colick—improper doses of | purgalive medicines, &c.
Symptoms. An apparent disquietude in the — disposilion of the horse—frequently looking round to his flanks—his appetite diminished, or totally lost—urine scarce, and high-coloured— his dung will be dark, and very hard. And, as these symptoms increase, he will lie down and | roll about—rise suddenly—lie down again, and — roll as before—his breathing will become diffi- | cult—pulse quick and small—violent sweats | break out on his body—while his ears and legs are cold—sometimes delirium takes place; and death soon ensues.
REMEDY.
As this disease is very rapid in its progress, it must be checked in its first appearance—or it will soon prove fatal. Copious bleeding is the prime remedy—and should be repeated, accor- ding to the strength of the horse—his sides should be blistered—his ears and legs kept warm, by frequent rubbing—and, in the inter-
65
yals, wrap them in woollen cloth. Give him one pint of castor oil—and repeat the dose in six hours ; unless the costiveness should be previ- ously removed. Clysters, composed of warm water and a little sweet oil, must be adminis- tered, every second or third hour, until the dung become soft.
INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.
Causes. ‘This disease is frequently the ef- fect of improper management in the treatment of a horse—too sudden removal from a cold to a, comparatively hot temperature—or violent exercise; which renders the circulation of the blood too rapid—and propels it to the smaller passages with so much velocity, as not only to produce immediate inflammation, but, some-
times, to rupture some of the finer vessels—from
which Broken Wind or Consumption frequent- ly proceeds.
) Symptoms. At the commencement of the disorder, the horse loses appetite-—appears melancholy—holds his head low—frequently
) moves his feet, alternately. And, as the fever
increases, his breathing becomes difficult ; some-
times attended with a short and painful cough
'—his countenance appeas anxious and uneasy
ad
66
—his breath hot—mouth dry—his ears, and— other extremities, feel cold—and he seldom lies | down, while able to stand.
REMEDIES.
1. In the early stage of the disease, copious |
bleeding must be the first operation——drawing |
off as much blood as the strength of the animal — will admit—let him stand in a clean stable; pro-
perly ventilated—mix very sweet hay, cut fine,
and bran together—scald, and place the mix-_ ture in his manger, while hot—renew it every
four or five hours—that, by inhaling the fumes,
the glands may be relaxed; and a discharge |
from the nostrils excited. Give him a pint of
castor oil—inject a clyster of flaxseed tea, or
warm gruel—and keep his legs warm, by rub- bing and clothing.
2. If, in twelve hours after the above appli- |
cations, there appear no abatement of the dis- order ; or, ifit has become more violent—repeat the bleeding; in proportion to the strength of the horse, or severity of the symptoms—and give him a pint of the following decoction, with an ounce of nitre added, every five or six hours; according to the state of the disease.
‘Take of pearl barley, split raisins, and Tur- key figs, sliced, each, six ounces—and stick
67
licorice, bruised, two ounces—boil them in a gallon of water; until the liquid is reduced to three quarts—strain it off—while hot, stir in one pound of honey—and, when cold, add one pint of distilled vinegar. And if plentiful evac- uations have not been produced by the clyster above described, it must be repeated.
When the dangerous symploms appear to subside, let the horse’s food be mashes of seald- ed bran; with four ounces of honey added to each mash—and, for his drink, give him thin gruel; with two ounces of cream of tartar dis- solved in each draught.
But, if the above remedies should prove inef- fectual; and a suppuration take place; the loss of the animal may be anticipated, almost with certainty.
INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER.
Cause. An obstruction in the biliary ducts, or in the gall bladder 5 situated between the two lobes of the liver.
Symptoms. Yellow eyes and mouth—-dark coloured urine—fever—great weakness—lan- guid appearance—and almost continually lying down. Sometimes the disease is very rapid in its progress—and, at other times, it advances
68
gradually. In the latter case, it frequently ter- minates in dropsy, or an inflammation of the _ bowels.
REMEDIES.
4. At the commencement of the disease, mod- erate bleeding may be safe and useful; but af- terward, it will, generally, be injurious ; by pro- ducing a dangerous degree of debility.—if the horse should be costive, give him a ball, every tweive hours, composed of the following ingre- dients; until they occasion moderate purging.
Calomel, half a dram—aloes, one dram—Cas- tile soap, two drams—rhubarb, half an onnce— : and syrup enough to form the ball, for one dose.
But, if the bowels are already in a lax state, give the horse either of the following balls, in — a similar manner, until relieved.
Opium, three fourths of a dram—calomel, one dram—and Castile soap, two drams—with syr- up enough to form a ball, for one dose.
Or—Opium and calomel, of each, one dram | —emetic tartar, two drams—licorice powder, three drams—and syrup sufficient to form the ball, for one dose.
INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS.
Causes. An improper use of diuretic med-
69
icines—blows on the loins—and, sometimes. too great a pressure of the saddle, when placed over them.
Symptoms. A weakness in the back and loins—almost continually endeavouring to stale; and frequently voiding a small quantity of high-coloured or bloody urine—and, as the inflammation increases, a total suppression of urine; and a fever generally succeeds.
REMEDY. Draw off three or four quarts of blood—give from sixteen to twenty ounces of castor oil—in- ject clysters of warm water—and cover the loins with a sheepskin. If the oil should not operate in a few hours, and the horse not be relieved, repeat the bleeding—and give him another dose of oil.
INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER.
Symptoms. Almost continual attempts to stale; but voiding only a few drops of urine at a time; apparently with great pain—generally, a quick pulse; and other symptoms of fever.
REMEDIES.
1. Give the horse plenty of linseed decoction ; ‘or any other mucilaginous liquid—and frequent-
70
ly inject clysters of thesame. Moderate bleed- ing, and a dose of castor oil, will also be ne- cessary. . After the oil has operated, give him | the following ball, every sixth hour. | Powdered nitre, half an ounce—camphire, one dram—licorice powder, three drams—with honey sufficient to form the ball, for one dose. — 2. Ifno relief should be obtained by the above | means, give him one dram of opium, twice a day; and omit giving the ball. And, if the horse be costive, give him another dose of oil—and re- | peat the clyster.
JAUNDICE, OR YELLOWS.
Cause. This disease is generally the effect. of an increased action of the liver; whereby an unusual quantity of bile is secreted.
Symptoms.* Yellowness of the eyes, mouth and tongue—loss of appetite—lassitude—urine of a reddish or dark colour—and, aie wien the disorder is attended with costiveness ; but,
| generally, with purging. :
* Although some of the symptoms of Jaundice are similar to those of an Inflammation of the Liver ; yet the diseases are believ- ed to be essentially different—and may be distinguished by the fever, which always accompanies the latter complaint.
Ft
REMEDIES.
4.- When costiveness is one of the symptoms, give the horse a ball, composed of the follow- ing ingredients, every morning, till moderate purging is produced.
Calomel, half a dram—aloes, one dram— Castile soap, two drams—rhubarb, three drams —with syrup enough to make the ball, for one dose.
2. But, if the bowels are already open, or in a state of purging, give the following dose, every morning, as long as may appear necessary.
Calomel and opium, of each, one dram—Co- lumbo root, powdered, three drams—powder- ed ginger, half a dram—and syrup sufficient to form a ball.
The horse’s strength should be supported zi an infusion of malt, or water gruel.
LAMPASS.
Description. 'The Lampass is a swelling of ihe inner gums of the upper jaw (particularly in young horses) which frequently projects below ‘the teeth; and renders mastication very difficult. And the animal will soon become lean, weak Sand dejected,
Cause. This troublesome complaint is sup- posed to be the effect of fever.
72
REMEDIES. 4. Remove the cause; by applying the rem- | edies prescribed for fevers. Or, a mess or two | of hard Indian corn will, generally abate the ae | . The most effectual remedy is burning with | a hot j iron, made for the purpose—taking great. care not to touch the teeth, or burn so deep as; to injure the bone. After the operation is per-. formed, wash the part, two or the times, with a) mixture of honey of roses, and tineture of myrrh,, each, one ounee—and feed with bran or meal,, and a little salt added.
LAMENESS.
Causes. Lameness is generally the effect of} strains—bruises—splents—spavins—ring- bones --windgalls—founder—grease—thrush—quittor | —corns—canker—hoof-bound, &c.—improper: shoeing—too constant labour, or want of suffici-.
ent rest, &c. REMEDIES.
When a horse becomes lame; first ascertain: the cause—and then apply the remedy prescri- bed for that particular complaint.
LOCK-JAW.
Description. The Lock-jaw commences with’
73
a difficulty of mastication; and, shortly after, the jaws become so completely and immoveably closed, that neither medicine nor food can be administered—the muscles of the neck are much contracted—and the horse appears to suffer great pain. .
Causes. his complaintis occasioned, gen- erally, by wounds in some of the feet, nerves,
tendons, &e. REMEDIES.
4. Cold water, suddenly applied, in large quantities.
2. Friction, with turpentine oil, or any kind of spirits——-and a clyster administered, compo- sed of two ounces of spirits of hartshorn, four ounces of oil of turpentine, mixed with one guart of strong ale and whiskey.
3. Copious bleeding has, in some cases, been found useful. ;
4. Hartshorn, aether, opium, and brandy, have sometimes been used with success.
MANGE. Causes. Unwholesome food—poverty—a filthy stable—and, sometimes, infection. Symptoms. The horse will be almost per- petually rubbing his peek or tail against a fence,
74
or some other object that will suit his purpose —until those parts become nearly bereft of hair —leaving a naked, thick, rough, and wrinkled skin.
REMEDIES.
4. If the horse’s strength will admit, draw off a small quantity of blood—keep him ina clean stable—wash the affected parts with warm soap-suds; and anoint them with a mixture of hog’s lard and flour of sulphur, equal parts, twice a day. And, every night and morning, give him a mash of bran, or bran and oats; mixing one ounce of the flour of sulphur with it—and let him have alittle dry corn, every day, at noon. | His drink should have an ounce of nitre dissol- ved in it, twice a day. |
When a cure appears to be effected, the ap-__ plication of ointment must be discontinued ; and the diet may soon be changed to good oats and SW an hay, without physic.
. But if the disease should not be removed | bie “the above means, in ten or twelve days, the © bleeding may be repeated, in proportion to the - strength of the animal—wash, frequently, with the following lotion.
White helebore, powdered, two drams ; boil- ed in three pints of water, till reduced to one
75
quart—and muriate of quicksilver, dissolved in three drams of muriatic acid, twodrams. And take muriate of quicksilver, half an ounce— tartarized antimony, three ounces—powdered anniseeds, six ounces—powdered ginger, two ounces—and syrup sufficient to form the mass, for sixteen balls—one of which must be given every morning—but if they diminish the appe- tite, or produce purging, they must be discon- tinued two or three days.
MOON.-EYES.
The eyes cf a horse will sometimes vary in colour every month; and are, therefore, called «Yoon-Eyes—from an opinion that the affection or disease increases and decreases with the course of that planet—for at the full moon, the eyes, generally one at atime, will have a mud- dy appearance ; and discharge an ichoreus wa- (er, so sharp as to excoriate the skin—and at the new moon, become clear again.
Symptoms. When the disease commences, one of the eyes will be much swelled—very frequently shut—and the ball of a muddy, brown colour. ‘The veins of the temple, and those near the eye, will appear very full of blocd.
76
REMEDY.
Copious bleedings, and repeatedly washing | ihe eyes with cold water, will afford temporary |
relief—but, as the complaint is generally the
harbinger of a cataract, it seldom admits of a _
permanent cure.
MALLENDERS.
Description. Mallenders are hard scabs on the inside of the knee joint, separated by cracks ; which generally discharge a glutinous
kind of matter—and, if long neglected, frequent-
Jy produce lameness.
Cause. This complaint is commonly the | efrect of careless or improper management of
the horse. REMEDIES.
4, Cut off the hair, and wash the parts affec-_
ted with warm soap-suds, night and morning—
after washing, wipe them till dry; and apply
the following ointment, twice a day.
Take ointment of wax or spermaceli, two. ounces—olive oil, one ounce—camphire and oil of rosemary, of each, one dram—acetated water
of litharge, two drams—and mix them together
for use. 2. If the above treatment should not effeet 2
; |
V7
cure, wash the parts well, twice a day, with a mixture of vinegar, water, and soap-lees, equal parts—when dry, dress them with strong mercu- rial ointment—and, if it appear necessary, take: a moderate quantity of blood from the neck—and give the animal an ounce of nitre in his drink, night and morning, two weeks.
MOLTEN GREASE.
Description. ‘Vhis complaint is, by some, supposed to be a rarefaction and solution of fat on the membranes, in various parts of the body —hby others, it is not considered as a distinet disease; but only asymptom of general inflam- mation, or fever.
Causes. Sudden, violent, or long continued exercise ; when just taken from grass, too full of light and flatulent food, or when overloaded with fat.
Symptoms. <A mucus, resembling fat, is discharged with the dung—when the lungs are affected, the breathing is difficult—the flanks move unusually quick, and the nostrils are much expanded—and when the blood is generally diseased, fever quickly ensue
2
75 REMEDIES:
4. Copious bleeding, according to age, strength and attencant symptoms—and if the bowels are affected, accompanied with purging, promote the operation ; by frequently giving the horse a | decoction of linseed—of powder of arrow-root, —or gum arabic, dissolved in water. When he veids dung very often, and in small quanti. ties, with a mixture of hard lumps; give him a. pint of castor oil—and, if necessary, repeat the dose in about two days afterward. |
2. If the above remedy should not be effec- tual; and the horse continues to eject smail quantities of excrement, apparently with great, pain, and considerable irritation about the anus | —give him the following clyster—taking all) possible care to avoid injuring the part, witht the pipe.
Mix opium, one dram and a half, with warm water, eight ounces—and add about a quart of | water, in which starch has been boiled, until it) is of a proper consistence for the purpose. |
3. If the last application should fail to remove. the irritation and pain; repeat the dose of cas- tor oil—and gently inject a clyster, composed of water gruel and a little cil.
79 POLL-EVIL.
Description, ‘This disease is a swelling, or abscess, in the sinew of the poll, and nape of the neck.
Causes. ‘The poll-evil, like a fistula, gener- — ally proceeds from a blow, bruise, or some other external injury.
REMEDIES.
4. When the swelling first appears, bathe it, frequently, with hot vinegar—and, if the hair be fretted off, and there is an oozing through the skin, use equal parts of vinegar and spirits of wine. But, if there be an itching, with heat and inflammation, bleed plentifully—and apply . the following poultice; which will sometimes disperse the swelling; and put an end to the disease. :
_ Take one quart of a strong decection of red oak bark, and stir ina sufficient quantily of Indian meal to form a poultice.
2. If the above applications are ineffectual 5 and the swelling shows evident signs of matter ; the following poultice should be applied im- mediately; in order to produce suppuration— Indian meal, marsh-mallow, oil of turpentine, and hog’s lard. When the tumour becomes ripe,
80
or full of matter, and does not break voluntarily 3 | it should be opened with a sharp instrument— __ taking great care not to wound the tendinous
ligament that extends along the neck, under the | mane.—If the matter appears to be on both sides, the tumors must both be carefully opened—so as | to leave the ligament undivided and unhurt.—_ When the discharge is copious—resembles melted glue—is of an oily consistence-—and any | cavities are discovered by the finger or probe— the incision must be repeated—and the wound should be dressed with spirits of turpentine, | honey, and tincture of myrrh; until a thick and, light coloured matter is discharged. Cleanse, the parts with strong soap-suds and a sponge—- then take verdigris, half an ounce—oil of tur- J pentine, four ounces—blue stone, two ounces—_
green copperas, half an ounce—mix them well | together—and_ hold them over a fire until they’ are as hot as the horse can bear them—then)}: pour them into the abscess ; and close the lips by] one or two stitches—this is to remain for several} | days, without any other dressing; except bath- || ing with spirits of wine. If the discharge: should be very abundant, and of thin consist-. ence, the above application must be repeated 3: until the matter decreases in quantity, and be-
ee es comes of a whitish colour, and healthy appear- ance.
QUITTOR.
Description. A quittor is a swelling, or an ulcer, in the coronet; generally on the inside. quarter of the foot; and, if neglected, will pen- etrate under the hoof; and become very difficult
- to cure.
Causes. Bruises, treads, lacerations, or wounds of any kind.
REMEDIES.
4. If the wound be only superficial, the cure may be effected by cleansing it well, witha sponge and warm watef—then washing it fre- quently with spirit of wine—and applying a plaster of basilicon, mixed with a little precipi- iate.
2. But when the disease has penetrated the foot, within the hoof, it will be necessary, care- fully and skiifully, to take away part of the hoof, Let the affected part be properly cleaned—and dress it with either black or yellow basilicon, spread on lint, and placed under a pledget of tow, covered with the following ointment. Tak.
ing eare to keep the foot out of water and dirt.
Olive oil, one pint—yellow wax and black
82
rosin, of each, four ounces—Burgundy pitch and iurpentine, cf each, two ounces—melt the wax, rosin and pitch, in the oil, over a slow fire— when taken off, stir in the turpentine.—¥Yor large uleers, where a plentiful discharge is re-. quired, incorporate three ounces of the spirits of! turpentine with the above mixture, while warm., If fungus, called proud flesh, shouid appear,, _touch it gently with a piece ef unslaked lime.
RINGBONE.
Description. The ringbone is a hard exeres-. sence on the fore part of the pastern, near the: coronet; which, like a ring, frequenily extends:}, half way round the ancle—and, very often, pro-.- duces lameness.
Causes. Bruises, strains, &e.
REMEDY. When the disease is first discovered, blister ing with flies will generally effect a caren if suffered to continue long, any attempt to re moye it will be ineffectual.
SPAVINS
Of this disease there are two kinds—denomi-. nated Blood-Spavin and Bone-Spavin.
5%. BLOOD-SPAVIN.
Description. The Blood-spavin is a soft tu- mor on the inside of the hoek—which, if long neglected, will occasion lameness.
Cause. <A preternatural enlargement of the vein.
REMEDIES.
4. Rub in about two table spoonfuls of the following embrocation, twice a day—and con- fine a bandage of flannel, wet with the same liquid, on the part affected.
Mix of strong vinegar, four ounces—cam- phorated spirits of wine, three ounces—extract of saturn, one ounce—and shake them well to- gether immediately before using.
2. But if the disease has been of long contin- uance; and will not yield to the above treat- ment; apply the following composition, every forty-eight hours, during a week—gradually ubbing it in with the hand—and keep a flannel andage over it, as before.
Take of powdered cantharides, one dram— olive oil, two ounces—and mix them together.
BONE-SPAVIN.
Description. ‘Lhe bone spavin is a callous excressence about the hock joint—which, if jong
84
neglected, will adhere to the bone—and incura- ble lameness is generally the consequence. Causes. Ii is supposed, sometimes, to be the effect of excessive labour—but, more frequently, a hereditary complaint—descending from either
sire or dam. REMEDIES.
4. When a bone-spavin appears on the inside | of the hock, of a young horse, and is produced | by violent exercise—rest, and frequent bathing © with the following mixture, will generally effect | a cure, |
Take extract of saturn, two ounces—cam- | phorated spirits of wine, four ounces—mix them together—then add good vinegar, one pint— } shake them well—lastly, add one pint of soft water; for use. And keep the part bound with | flannel, saturated with the mixture.
2. But if the complaint is not removed by the above application, make use of the following | blister ointment. |
Powdered cantharides, euphorbium, and cor- | rosive sublimate, of each, one dram; mixed | with one ounce of the oil of bays. —
All the hair on the affected part must first be cut off; and the ointment pretty thickly spread }, over the place. ‘This should be done in the .
85
morning; and the horse so tied up as to prevent his rubbing any of the ointment. off—and, at night, a plaster of pitch must be well bound se to keep all safe.
After the blister is done running, and the scabs begin to peel off, a. second and similar application may be made—which, if the herse be young, will generally effect a perfect cure.
SPLENTS.
Description. Splents are bony excressenceg on the fore legs of some horses: (generally young ones) between the knees and fetlock-joints— which are sometimes disagreeable to the sight 5 but are seldom injurious; exdept when situated near the joints, or under the large tendons on the back part of the leg—when they never fail to produce lameness. ;
Old horses are not very subject to splents, nless they had them while young; or they are oecasioned by blows, accidenis, &c.
!
REMEDIES. 4. When the swelling is first discovered, athe the part well with hot vinegar, twice a lay—and, immediately aflerward, rub. it with 1 smocth, round stick, about fifteen minutes— H
8&6
repeating the applications one week ; or longer, — if necessary. | 2. If the above treatment should not remove the complaint; cut off the hair that covers the | diseased part; and apply a plaster of Spanish ilies. |
SADDLE-GALLS, OR WARBLES.
Description. Saddle-Galls are inflamed swell- ings on the sides or back of a horse—which, | if neglected, frequently become troublesome | ulcers. , |
Cause. Extreme pressure and friction of some — hard. and protuberant part of the saddle.
REMEDIES.
4. When the saddle is taken off; if, on exa-. mination, any bruise or inflammation be disco-. vered; wash the part, immediately, with plenty of cold water—and take care to prevent a repe-. tition of the injury. |
2. If the above application should not dis. perse the fever; use the following mei twice a day.
Sharp vinegar, and spirits of any kind, of! each, one gill—and sweet oil, or fresh butter,, one table spoonful—all properly incorporated,
87
8. When the skin is rubbed off, let a little whitelead be occasionally sprinkled on the raw flesh.
A person, when on a journey, should always have some of the article with him, for this
_ purpose.
\@ |
a, day—afier cleansing it with warm soap-suds.
SITFAST.
Description. A sitfast is a hard and horny lump in the skin, about the back or shoulder of a horse—frequently succeeds a gall of the sad- dle or harness—and is produced by the same
means. REMEDY.
Take up the callous part with a pair of pin- cers—and, by leaning them on one side, it may be readily taken off with a sharp knife. After which, the wound may be healed, in a short
_ time, by using either of the following mixtures.
Of brandy and honey, each, half a pint—and
alum, two ounces.
Or—of blue stone, a quarter of an ounce—
spirits of turpentine, two table spoonfuls—and
spring water, one pint.
Or—of sugar of lead, half an ounce—alum, one ounce—-and copperas, half an ounce—mix them well together—and wash the wound twice
8S
STAGGERS.
Symptoms. Unusual disposition in the horse to sleep—the eyes inflamed, and half shat— great debility—hanging his head, or resting it on the manger—the ears hot with a burning fever—rearing, and threwing himself about wilh great violence—and, finally, falling, and: lying in a state of insensibility.
Cause. ‘The disease is supposed to be pro- duced by eating grass, very early in the morn- ing, while covered with dew, and a poisonous
web, indasiriously spun and spread by small)
spiders, during the night. When a horse feeds on pasture in this situation, he must unavoidably.
swallow a large quantity of the web; and some of the weavers also—the effect of which, some-"
limes, is delirium, apoplexy, &e.
REMEDIES.
4, ‘ake from the neck vein half a gallon of |)
blood, three times a week, if the animal can bear it—and give him a drench, composed of sassafras tea, three half pints—plantain juice, half a. pint—assafeetida, half an ounce—and nitre, one tea spoonful—tiree times in a week—
‘and inject a elyster, consisting ef one pint of meal, {wo quarts of water, one pint of molasses,
|
) f Vv
|
89
and one spoonful of hog’s lard.—Moderate ex- ercise, and frequent rubbing, should not be neglected—and, twice a week, give him four guaris of bran, with one table spoonful of sul- phur, one tea spoonful of nitre, one eighth of an ounce of assafeelida, and one quart of boiling
sassafras tea—not permitting him to drink cold
water for six hours afterward. If these appli-
cations should have a favourable effect, nothing further wili be necessary ; except to feed with bran, or other light food ef any kind. |
2. But ifthe above treatment should not give relief—take of calomel, twenty-five grains— opium and camphire, each, two drams—pow- dered fennel seed, one dram—syrup, of any kind, sufficient to form a ball—and give him one of these balis, every morning, four or five days—in which time he will be well; if not
incurable.
STRAINS.
Description. <A strainis an unnatural relax. ation, extension, or rupture of some of the ten- dons or muscles—and which is generally suc- ceeded by inflammation and lameness.
Causes. Violent exertions in drawing—short and sudden turns—cruel treatment—slips, falls,
Ke. H2
90 REMEDIES.
4. An important, if not the principal means of cure, will be rest.—Take from the neck vein two quarts of blood—and, in the next place, carefully endeavour to discover the injured — part—which may be generally found by the inflammation—or by the movements of the horse —and, sometimes, by both. When the shoulder is strained, he will draw the foot, on that side, gently along the ground—but, if the complaint is in the foot, he will protrude that foot forwards | to prevent the weight of his body from resting | on it.—The seat of disease being ascertained— take of sharp vinegar, one pint—spirits, of any — kind, half a pint—camphire, one ounce—mix | them well together—and bathe twice a day. If the place will admit, bind a piece of flannel round it, wet with the mixture.
2, Or—take of opodeldoc, a piece about the size of a marble, and rub it oa the strained part with the hand, twice a day.
If the above applications fail, the horse must have a cool and opening diet, or be turned out
to grass, a sufficient length of time for nature to perform the cure.
94 STRANGLES.
Description. 'Vhis is a distemper to which all horses are liable—especially while young. It generally commences with inflammation and swelling of the glands under the jaw, and about the throata-and, before suppuration take place, it is with extreme difficulty the horse can swallow.
Causes. Violent colds—excessive hard la- bour, after long idleness—shedding teeth—or whatever may produce a flux of humours on the throat and jaws, at any critical time.
Symptoms. Dejection of countenance—wa-
_ tery eyes—a distressing cough—discharge from the nostrils—enlarged glands between the bones
of the under jaw—loss of appetite—and constant thirst, without being able to drink ; except the
_ water is placed as high as his head, when in its
,
natural position. REMEDY. Bleed four times within a week—taking half a gallon from the neck each time, if the condi-
tion of the horse will allow it—give him, twice
a week, four quarts of bran or oats, scalded with one quart of sassafras tea; adding one table spoonful of powdered brimstone, with one
92 tea spoonful of nitre. Confine one fourth of an ounce of assafostida in his manger; and the same quantity in the botiom of his watering bucket.
Feed with green food chiefly, if to be had; or such as is light, cooling, and easily digested.
STRANGUARY.
Description. ‘Chis disease is an obstruction
or temporary suppression of urine. Causes. Hardened dung retained in the straight gut—paralytic disorder in the kidneys;
disabling them in their office of separating the |
urine from the blood—inflammation of the kid- neys—or inflammation of the bladder itself. Symptoms. When the disorder is the effect of inflammation, the horse will frequently at- tempt to stale 5 stand wide; ‘be full; and have his flanks dislended—but when occasioned by an obstruction in the kidneys, witheut inflam-
mation, the bladder is usually empty ; and the 1
horse makes no motion to stale. And if he should continue a few days in this condition, his body will swell greathy—break out in blotches all over—and death wii! quickly close the scene.
REMEDIES.
4. At the commencement of the disease, in —
|
a i | |
93
the latter case, rub the reins of the horse witli two parts of the oil of turpentine, and one part of oil of amber—and apply a poultice to the same place ; composed of garlic, horse-radish, mustard seed, camphire, and green soap; spread on thick cloth. Give the horse a drench, con- sisting of thin gruel, three gills—powdered gum arabic and nitre, of each, one ounce—and liquid laudanum, three drams—all mixed tege- ther. Which may be occasionally repeated.
His diet should consist of warm mashes, im- pregnated with honey.
2. When the disorder is produced by inflam- mation, or too long a retention of the urine, it will be necessary to bleed plentifully ; and give the following drench, every few hours, twice or thrice; or until the animal is relieved.
A decoction of marsh-mallow roots—adding to each dose two ounces of gum arabic, dis- solved in a little boiling water—and half an ounce of sweetened spirit of nitre. And if the horse be costive, let emollient clysters be fre- quently injected.
SURFEIT.
Causes. Injudicious or cruel treatment—sud- den changes from heat to cold—deep plunging
94
into cold water, or drinking too freely immedi- ately after excessive hard travelling, or other exercise—eating unsound food—being turned out of a warm stable into the cold night air or dew, &Xc.
| | |
Symptoms. Many small lumps under the > skin—a partial shedding of the hair—and a_ constant itching. At length scabs and small ulcers will appear—and, if neglected, the hair will nearly all fall off—and the horse become covered with scabs.
REMEDY. | ‘Take two quarts of blood from the neck vein, | iwice in a week—give the horse four quarts of — bran, one table spoonful of sulphur, one tea spoonful of nitre, and one quart of hot sassafras. tea, well mixed together, three times a week— and he must not be permitted to drink, during six hours, after eating his mash.—Give him three drenches within the week ; each composed of one quart of sassafras tea and one tea spoon- ful of nitre—keep his stable clean—and suffer him not to get wet.—In the mean time anoint the most ulcerous parts, once a day, with a mix- iure of hog’s lard and sulphur, equal portions— sive him light food—and treat him kindly.
i
95 STRING HALT.
Description. The siring-halt is a false ac- tion or an involuntary use of a muscle in one of the hind legs of a horse; and, sometimes, both— which frequently twitches them up, almost to the belly.
Causes. 'This complaint is generally the effect of a strain—a violent blow——or washing the legs, while very warm, with extremely cold water.
REMEDY.
Although a temporary relief may be obtained, by rubbing the part, and bathing it with warm vinegar and sweet oil; yet a perfect cure is sel- dom effected.
SALLENDERS.
Description. Sallenders are hard scabs on the front part of the hock. They are similar to mallenders—produced by the same cause—and
cured by the same means. See Mallenders.
SAND-CRACK. Description. A sand-crack is a cleft or fis- sure in the hoof—generally extending from the
coronet, near the heel, towards the toe.
96
‘Cause. ‘This disease is supposed to be oc- easioned by a contraction of the foot; when the hoof is dry and brittle.
REMEDY.
When a sand-eracis is first discovered; rasp”
the edges smooth—apply a pledgit, dipped in basilicou—coniine it on with a bandage—and keep the foot continually moist.
-But if the disease should be long neglected, | it will become a quittor ; and must be treated in |
a similar manner. See Quiitor. SORE MOUTH.
When a horse’s mouth or tongue is diseover- ed to be sore, it should be washed, two or three times a day, with the following mixture. Sugar
of lead, three fourths of an cunce—bole ammo- —
niac, half an ounce—burnt alum, one ounce— and good vinegar, one pint.
THOROUGH-PIN.
Description. 'This is a swelling on both sides
of the hock-joint—and when one of the tumours —
is pressed with the finger, the fluid contained in it, will be forced te the opposite side. It is generally the effect of hard labour—
97
and difficult to cure. The only remedies are blisters and rest.
THRUSH.
Description. This disease consists of a dis- charge of foetid matter from the cleft of the frog: when the part is so soft and rotten as to be in- capable of affording protection to the sensible frog, which it covers. Hence arises that ten- derness of the foot, which is so frequently ob- served. y
Causes. ‘The thrush is generally produced by a contraction of the horny matter at the heels; by which the sensible frog is compressed and in- flamed—or by frequent bruises; for want of proper shoeing. See Shoeing.
Remarks, The discharge which takes place, is a consequence of the inflammation ; and may be con- sidered as an effort of nature to cure it.*: The dis- charge diminishes the inflammation ; or prevents it from becoming violent—but when it has been stop- ped by the injudicious application of astringents, or voluntarily ceases, the inflammation will soon be greatly increased—extend to the other parts of the foot—and occasion severe lameness—which, gen- erally, will be relieved, or removed, by a return of
the discharge. I
98
REMEDIES.
4. It will be necessary, in the first place, to remove the cause; by rasping the heel—and — keeping the hoof constantly moist; by making | the horse stand in soft clay, some part of the day —taking care to keep the frog dry by means of | tar.
2. When, by the above means, the compres- sion, and consequent inflammation of the sen- sible frog, are removed—apply a solution of white of blue vitriol, or alum—which, if assist- ed by pressure and tar, will render that part | firm; and the discharge will cease, when the | inflammation leaves the sensible frog. |
When the discharge has continued a long | time, care should be taken not to check it so suddenly as to produce inflammation, and swel- ling of the legs—and yet, if totally neglected, it will, eventually, become a canker—a more dan- | gerous disease. See Canker in the feot.
WIND-GALLS.
Description. Wind-Galls are spongy and flatulent humours, on both sides of the legs, just above the pastern joint.
Causes. ‘They are generally the effect of hard treatment—strains or bruises of the back sinew, &c.
99
REMEDIES.
1. When wind-galls are first discovered, fo- ment the parts, twice a day, with a strong de- coction of red oak bark, sharp vinegar, and a little alam—applied as warm as the hand can bear—and bind a woollen cloth, wet with the liquid, around the place; as tight as possible without giving pain.
2. If the above application should not suc- ceed ; blistering with flies may next be resor- ted to.
WOUNDS.
Horses are continually subject to wounds of various kinds—some of which may be distin- guished by the following terms—ZJncisions, Lacerutions, and Punctures.
INCISIONS.
Description. An incision is a wound made by a keen edge-tool—and by which the skin and other parts are separated; without being
torn or bruised. REMEDIES.
4. If the wound be small, and the situation will admit of a bandage, draw the lips of the incision together—apply a sticking plaster— and bind it on with a roller.
400
2, If the divided parts cannot be kept togeth. er by the plaster and bandage alone—or if the |
wound be large, or so situated as not to admit of binding—the lips of it must be drawn into
contact by a few long stitches, with strong wax- — ed thread—and a bandage applied, if practica- —
ble.
3. If an artery should be divided, and cause
much bleeding; it must be taken up with a_ crooked needle, and tied with a thread. But. if the bleeding vessel cannot be secured in this | way, apply a small quantity of flour to the | mouth of it—taking care to confine it there, by a proper compress, until a scab is formed—and
after the lips of the wound are brought together, as above directed, cover it with rags, dipped in spirits of turpentine, or any other spirits—place a little lint, lightly, within the edges of it—
and take care to keep it intirely clean, with) strong soap-suds; and as free from motion as |
possible.
4. Whenever a wound becomes much swel- led, or inflamed; or discovers signs of mortifica-
tion—frequent bleeding, and the application of
ared oak poultice, or mush, will have a good
effect. But if the wound should heal very rapid- ©
1014
ly; and fungus be produced, wash it wilh a Jittle blue stone water. The diet should be bran, oats, or green food.
LACERATIONS.
Description. A laceration is a wound made by some blunt or rough instrament—by the horse’s becoming entangled iu a gate, fence, &c. and using violent exertions to extricate himself —or by some other accident that rends the flesh.
REMEDIES,
Remove all dirt, splinters, and other extra- neous substances from the wound—draw and bind the separated parts as closely together as possible, without obstructing the discharge of matter, when formed. If the horse should be in good condition, and has lost but little blood from the wound, a moderate quantity may be taken from him. ‘The injured part must be cleansed, once a day, or when necessary, with warm water ; which, if the wound be deep, may be done more effectually by a syringe—and bathe, twice a day, with cither of the following lotions—applied very warm.
A strong decoction of wormwood, southern-
wood, chamomile flowers, and bay leaves. 12
402
Or—Spirits, half a pint—alum, one ounce © ——and honey, one gill—mixed well together.
Or—Copperas, two ounces—and clean water, | one quart. |
Or—Sugar of lead, a quarter of an ounce— | and clear water, one quart. |
Or—Wet the sore, once a day, with spirits | of turpentine.
The horse’s food should be light and cooling.
PUNCTURES.
Description. ‘These are wounds to which | the feet are most liable—and are made by some | sharp pointed instrument. Sometimes by the | horse’s treading on a nail, thorn, &c.—frequent-. ly by incautiously driving a nail of the shoe into — the sensible part of the foot—and sometimes by the careless or passionate use of a pitchfork, &c.
REMEDIES.
4. Punctures being generally very painful wounds, and frequently dangerous, require im- mediate and careful attention. First, cleanse | the injured part from all dirt, sand, &c. with warm water—then apply poultices, composed of — red oak bark, beaten very fine and well boiled, | and corn-meal, sufficient to form the mass; until —
103
healthy matter is discharged. And then use either of the remedies prescribed for lacera- tions.
2. When the bottom of the foot is punctured by a nail or any other instrument, it will be essential, without delay, to enlarge the orifice through the horny matter, with a sharp knife— then pour in a little tincture of benzoin—and when a secretion of healthy matter is produced, apply a little tow or lint, dipped in tar, or Ve- nice turpentine—and keep the whole foot cool by bran poultices.
404
APPENDIX.
Containing Instructions for Breeding, Wean- ing, Castrating, Breaking, Docking, Shoe- ing, Mounting. Riding. Travelling: Driving, Feeding, Soiling, Watering, Stabling, Trim- ming, Dressing, Choosing Ostlers, Fatten-
ing, Bleeding, Purging, Clystering, Blister- ing, Poulticing, Rowelling, Preventing in- - fectious and other diseases, defending from —
Flies, &c.
Breeding. A mare should not be suffered to breed before she is four years old. The best
time for her to take the horse* is late in the
Spring—so that she may not foal, the next sea-
son, before the grass be sufficiently grown for —
pasture ; which is much better than hay for pro-— ducing milk. During the time of gestation her
food should be wholesome and plentiful—her exercise moderate and frequent—and, in Au-
tumn and winter, care must be taken to protect | her from wet and cold, by keeping her in a large —
stable or shed, furnished with a rack and man- —
ger, and liberally supplied with clean litter.
* Crossing the breeds is said to be of great advantage.
APPENDIX. 105
When a mare is made choice of fora regular breeder, she may be put to the horse about three or four weeks after foaling, annually, during eight or ten years.
Weaning. If a mare should foal in the be- ginning of summer, the colt may run with her until the beginning of the following winter—by which time it will acquire the habit of eating dry food, as well as grass. When separated, they should be kept intirely out of sight and hearing of each other, several months. The colt -inust be kept in a convenient house, with a low rack and manger, for hay and oats—the hay must be very fine and sweet—and a little wheat bran should be mixed with the oats, in order to keep the body open, and excite an appetite. In the Spring it must be turned out to pasture, where the grass is short and sweet; and where there is good water, to drink at pleasure. “The next winter, the comfort and cleanliness of the young animal ought not to be neglected.
After the first year, male and female colts should not be kept together.
Castrating. Castrating a horse is taking away his testicles—an operation much easier performed, and attended with less danger, on a
406 APPENDIX.
colt, or young horse, than an old one. He must | first be thrown on his back, on some soft ground, and his feet made perfectly secure—the operator is then, with a proper instrument, to cut open the scrotum on each side of the seam; and, pre- vious to removing the testicles, a waxed thread should be tied round the spermatic strings, to prevent too great an effusion of blood—when this is done, the testicles must be removed with © avery sharp knife—and pledgits of tow, dipped
in melted basilicon, with the addition of a little spirits of wine, should be applied to the wounds, secured by a compress and a proper bandage.
The best season for the operation is in the Spring, when the weather is temperate.
Breaking. When a colt is about two years — and a half old, he ought to be gently and fre- quently handled, by a person well skilled in the _ management of horses—he should first be taught | the use of the bridle—afterward, the saddle— — and, finally, the harness. All which will re- quire great patience and perseverance—with a continual consideration that, though a horse is not furnished with the facalty of reason, yet he — is endued with a capacity to distinguish between _ kindness and cruelty—and is liable, especially
APPENDIX. 107
when young, to contract the disposition of those who have the care of him. See Summary.
Docking. Docking a colt is an operation so simple that little skill is required in the perfor- mance. A cord must be fastened round his upper lip, so as not to affect his breathing—one of his fore legs should be held up; to prevent his kicking, or doing any other injury. Then, tie a waxed string, very tightly, twice round the tail, just above the place where it is to be cut off; and secure all the hair intended to be re- tained—a large block of wood must be placed on his rump, and the tail turned up and laid smoothly on the block—then, with a sharp in- strument and a mallet, the part may be taken off at once. Apply a little fine rosin to the wound, and sear it with a smooth piece of iron, made moderately hot. ‘Two or three days afterward,. the string must be taken off, and the place anointed with sweet oil or fresh butter.
Or—If the animal has been properly inured to the bridle, the operation may be performed with very little trouble. Let some person hold him with his buttocks close to a strong and open fence—then, having provided a suitable block, and of sufficient length to rest on the ground,
108 APPENDIX.
draw the tail, gently, through or over the fence, and proceed with the business as before directed. |
Ca AN vi :
Shoeing. Shocing is an operation of very great importance; and should always be per- formed by a person of good judgment or prac. tical experience. Many horse’s feet have been |
greatly injured, if not intirely ruined, by igno-_ rant or obstinate persons.
In preparing the foot for shoeing, the cruel, practice of burning it with a red hot shoe must, never be permitted—but the hoof should be) neatly pared away, with a butteris, to an even | surface—and a small opening made between the:
bar and crust, to prevent the shoe from pressing; on that part, and producing corns—taking par-. ticular care not to injure their connexion, which is to afford a support for the heel of the shoe,, and must be made perfectly level with the other: parts of the hoof, with arasp. The frog, whe in a healthy state, should never be trimmed ; except to remove, with great caution, such rough and uneven parts as may collect and retain any gravel or dirt. For, when frequently pared away its elasticity is destroyed—the foot becomes con-. tracted—and a thrush is generally the conse-- quence. See Hoof-bownd, and Thrush.
| |
2° aS)
APPENDIX. 109
When the sole is full, or convex, the shoe should be no wider than the crust—and a nar- row one is now recommended, as the best kind, for general use. It ought to be made of very good iron—and exactly the form and size of the foot for which it is designed, after being prop- erly prepared. The nails, which should also be made of the best iron, must be regularly driven in, and well clenched—not so high as to touch the sensible part of the foot; yet so as to have sufficient hold to confine the shoe for seve- ral months. Shoes for draft-horses, that seldom go out of a walk, should be heavy, strong, have high heels, and be pointed at the toes with steel. When a horse is well shod, if water be poured on the bottom of his foot, it will not pass between the hoof and shoe.
Mounting. Previous to mounting a horse, examine the bridle, saddle, and their various appendages ; and see that every thing is in good order, and where it ought to be. And he should be accustomed to stand firmly and motionless, until his rider be fairly seated, and his clothes properly adjusted.
Riding. When the rider is mounted, and ready to go, he should give his horse an intima- K
410 APPENDIX.
tion of it by a pressure with his knees, or by, some gentle expression; which he may soon be} taught to understand, without resorting to the} cruel use of whip or spur—which ought never} to be used, except in cases of absolute neces- sity; and even then, with reason and humanity.
The rider should continually guard against every unnatural and unnecessary motion of his: body—and carefully avoid the odious practice of jerking his horse’s mouth with the bridle mechanically bruising his sides, at every step, with a pair of unconscious heels—and tossing? his arms and legs about, like a person afilicted) with St. Vitus’s Dance. |
A horse will travel with much more ease,’ both to himself and bis rider, when governed by a gentle and steady hand. See Summary.
Travelling. To perform a long journey, with ease and comfort to a horse, and satisfaction t | his rider, will require some attention to his feed4 ing, during eight or ten days previous to setting) out.
A horse uncommonly fat, running late a grass, fed with unsubstantial food, or unaccus-. tomed to exercise, is very unfit to endure the) fatigue of a journey; unless prepared by being.
| | | ;
hI
APPENDIX, 4414
ied, a week or ten days, on corn or oats, and good hay; and giving him moderate exercise every day. And it will be necessary to have him shod with a good set of shoes—taking care that they fit easily ; and are so placed as not to cut the legs, or contract the feet. Examine the saddle, or harness (as the mode of travelling intended may be) and see that they fit properly; and so as not to pinch the horse, or injure any part of him by friction or too great pressure.
- In the evening previous to commencing the journey, after the horse is furnished with a good ed of straw, and is well rubbed, give him four uarts of old corn, or eight quarts of clean oats, and a sufficient quantity of good hay. In the morning, feed him with four quarts of oats, or ‘wo quarts of corn; and afterward offer hima bucket of water.
Being now prepared for the journey, the fol- owing directions must be strictly observed.— ever permit the horse, while travelling, to Wrink very cold water, much more than suffi- ient to wet his mouth and throat. Before feed- ing, which should be done once in about four ours, during the day, let him stand ten mi- nutes to get cool—offer him a bucket of water, vith a little salt and two handfuls of corn meal
112 APPENDIX. |
stirred in it—feed him with four quarts of oats, ) or half that quantity of dry corn, and a little | hay—and offer him water again, prepared as | before. At night, let him be turned into a lot, — if convenient, for the purpose of rolling, and — cooling himself—and after remoying all the — dirt trom his legs with soap-suds, have him put | into a stable, well supplied with ciean litter— then take any kind of spirits and vinegar, of each, half a pint—mix them together, and rub) his legs with the mixture, until they are dry. | Let him be well curried, brushed, and rubbed) with straw—give him plenty of water—and feed ) him with four quarts of corn, or twice the quan. | tity of oats, and a sufficiency of hay. Have | his feet well cleaned, and stuffed with fresh cow — dung, to keep his hoofs tough and cool. Next | morning, give him four quarts of oats or two | quarts of corn, and as much waier as he will drink. And thus proceed, daily, to the end of the journey.
Change the horse’s food as frequently as possible, without giving him grain or hay just gathered ; which would be very injurious to him. |
His shoes should be daily inspected, and? kept in good order—his back, and other parts”
liable to injuries by the saddle or harness
APPENDIX. 113
ought to be carefully examined every evening —and if chafed or scalded, the part must be cleansed with weak suap-suds ; and, afterward, bathed with a little water and salt. See Saddle Galls and Summary.
Driving. YT am aware that many who have the care of horses duly appreciate their worth ; and treat them with propriety—but a great proportion of those noble, generous and useful animals, are annually doomed to diseases and death, by the savage conduct of their drivers !
‘A righteous man regardeth the life of his
beast”’—but, surely, that man must be unright-
eous, and callous to every feeling of humanity, who, from motives of either interest or vanity, can deliberately impose a burden on his horse which he is unable to sustain—and then beat him, with the fury of a demoniack, for not per- forming a task which is utterly impossible.
And, for the sake of humanily, and the in- terest of those who have horses, I wouid res- pectfuily recommend, that they be very careful not to intrust them to the management of boys, or others, who are subject to violent paroxysms of anger; and anna: to be destitute of either
2
414: APPENDIX.
judgment or mercy, in their ordinary transac- tions.
A judicious and humane driver has no need of written rules and directions, for the regula- tion of his conduct—but there may be others to whom a few hints may be useful.
When horses are bharnessed* for the pur- pose of performing any particular service ; great
eare should be observed to adapt their burden |
to their strength—the condition of the road— distance they have to travel—and the state of the weather. ‘They should never be hurried when ascending a hill; nor be allowed to exceed a walk when descending one. Watering fre- quently, and feeding seasonably and sufficient-
ly, must not be neglected. And let the carriage- — |
wheels be well supplied with grease.
Feeding. suppose it to be generally known
that some horses require more food than others, of the same size and in similar circumstances— that any horse must be better feed when employed,
than when idle—and that all of them should be |
supplied with a sufficient quantity of sweet and wholesome provision, to keep them in good con- dition.
* Harness ought always to fit the horse that wears it; and be td
kept clean, soft and pliable ; to prevent it from galling.
APPENDIX. 445
Let their meals be moderate and frequent— and when on a journey, their food must be light and sparing, during the day, but plentiful in the evening—always allowing them time to get cool, previously to being fed.
No person should keep more horses in his possession than can be profitably and reputably supported. How frequently do we see fearful signs of famine exhibited to view, by indigent or penurious proprietors of miserable skeletons, moving to and fro; with ribs almost as naked as the rundles of the rack from which they should derive a portion of their sustenance. I appre- hend it would much better comport with human- ity to despatch such objects of commiseration, without loss of time, than suffer them to languish to death, for want of the necessaries of life. See Summary.
Soiling. Soiling is recommended, by men of experience, as the best and most economical mode of feeding horses with grass, during the summer season. That is, to cut it, when suffi- ciently grown, and convey it to their racks; in- stead of permitting them to run over it as they please; by which they destroy much more than they eat; and unavoidably waste the principal part of their manure.
4416 APPENDIX.
Watering. When a horse is at liberty, and has free access to water, he will take care of himself—but when under restraint, of any kind, his owner should not fail to see his wants sup- plied in due season.
It would be absurd to offer any definitive or | positive rule for watering a horse—an attention to his constitution, situation, and other cireum- stances, must always-regulate the conduct of the person who has the immediate care of him.
Thirst is generally excited, and increased, by constantly feeding on dry and strong food—by excessive labour, and severe travelling—by pro- fuse perspiration, &c. when frequent watering, in moderate quantities, should never be neglec-_ ted—taking care not to suffer him to drink while very warm; and always avoid very cold water as much as possible.
If plougimen would give a little water to} their horses, once every two hours, during the time of labour, allowing them a few minutes to get cool before drinking, 1 believe it would have a salutary effect. |
Stabling. A stable should be built in a dry?
and airy situation—-the floor made ef plank, an a little descending from the manger, backwards 5
APPENDIX. A172
to drain off the urine, &¢.—the ceiling high, and well ventilated ; to let the noxious air in the sta- ble escape—and the door wide and high; to prevent the horse from hurting his head and hips.
It should be furnished with a number of win- dows to be opened or shut at pleasure; for the purpose of admitting air in warm weather, and repelling cold and storms in the winter season. There ought to be one glass window fronting each horse; that he may not be continually kept in total darkness. And every one should have a stall to himself; made sufficiently large for him to turn round with ease—the partitions so long and high as to prevent any communica- tion with his neighbours ; and so near the floor as to hinder him from getting his feet under it, when lying down.
The rack and manger must be composed of hard and smooth wood—and both placed in such a manner as to render it easy for the horse to procure his food. The rack should stand perpendicularly, two or three feet from the wall; and boards extended, obliquely, from the wall to the bottom of the rack—the hay will then set- ile without sifting any dirt into the horse’s eyes.
The halter should never be tied to the rack,
418 APPENDIX.
but pass through a ring in the manger; witb a smooth piece of wood, weighing about a pound, fastened to the end of it.
No hogsty or putrid substance should be placed near the stable—and that ought to be cleaned every morning; and supplied with fresh litter every evening.
When horses are constantly confined in the stable, on a plank floor, their hoofs become very dry and brittle; they should, therefore, be al- lowed the liberty of standing on damp and soft sround, whenever convenient. See Summary.
Trimming. When the mane and tail of a horse are well proportioned to his body, they greatly add to his beauty.
Previously to trimming the tail, the form and size of the body must be particularly attended — io—that a due proportion may be preserved.
‘The mane of a horse should reach about half way down his neck—and be kept thin and smooth by frequent combing.
Dressing. When horses are kept in the stable, they should be dressed, daily, with the currycomb and brush, on ali those parts that are covered with hair—which will increase per- spiration through the pores of the skin—pro-
APPENDIX. 4119
mote health and activity—and render them more fit for service. In summer, or whenever the weather is temperate, they should be cleaned in the open air—and particularly when just come from some exercise or labour, in a state of per- spiration—for, if immediately put into a warm stable, they frequently perspire so long as to suffer by it. See Summary.
‘The practice of washing a horse’s legs with cold water, or plunging him into a river, when very warm, ought never to be permitted.
But, after travelling, or any laborious exer- cise, a horse’s feet should be entirely freed from dirt—his legs may then be washed with water alittle warm. Ifthe hoofs appear to be either brittle or contracted, a mixture of cow dung and soft clay may be usefully applied to the soles.
Choosing Ostlers. Notwithstanding the situ- ation of an ostier is far from being enviable, yet there are few occupations which require a greater variety of virtues and qualifications, than that of a person intrusted with the manage- ment of horses, at an inn.
He should be honest, sober, attentive, kind, obliging, active, industrious, courageous, pru- dent, patient, chearful, &c.
420 APPENDIX.
‘*No situation that a servant can be placed in, requires more activity, sobriety, strength, attention, and industry, than that of an ostler. And how often do we see weak, lazy, careless, crippled, and even extreme old men, worn out with age and infirmity, placed in that employ- ment! Indeed, those are often made choice of who are unable to perform labour of any de- scription. Nothing can be more agreeable toa
fatigued traveller, than to place his horse in —
possession of every pleasure, every comfort pos- sible, after his having faithfully performed a hard ride, or on a journey: which he cannot have the opportunity of doing, unless a fit per- son is selected for an ostler.
Many fine horses and stables have been de- stroyed by carelessness—ostlers that smoke
pipes or segars are unfit for that employment.”
[ Dr. Mason. ]
Fattening. For the purpose of fattening a lean horse in a short time, plenty of clean, sweet corn, oats, bran, and hay must be provi- ded—and also, a sufficient quantity of straw, to
furnish him with a clean and comfortable bed. i If the animal be very poor, take one quart of
blood from his neck—if in tolerable condition, —
APPENDIX. 121
take two quarts from him—and repeat the ope- ration at the expiration of every ten days; until he become fat. Give him a mash of bran, about six quarts, scalded with one quart of strong flax-seed tea, adding one table spoonful of flour of sulphur and one tea spoonful of nitre—re- peated every eight days. But he must not be suffered to drink during ten hours after each mash.
Take half an ounce of assafoetida—wrap it in a clean linen rag—and nail it in the bottom of the manger, where the horse is fed. He will dislike it at first; but, in a few days, he will become fond of it. His manger should be wash- ed with vinegar and salt, twice a week—and eare must be taken to remove all dust and sour food, previously to feeding.
His common food must be a mixture of bran and oats—bran and corn—or either of them alone—and a sufficient quantity of good hay. Let him be fed three times a day—change his diet very frequently—and when good grass can be procured, put a little into his rack, every ‘noon, instead of hay. If his mashes were oc- easionally moistened with strong sassafras tea, it would increase his appetite—enrich his blood -—and open his wa
422 APPENDIX.
——
When a horse is very lean, occasioned by want and other cruel treatment, great care will be necessary to confine him to light food at first 5 to prevent a founder, or some other injury—but as he improves in condition, his mashes may be richer, and gradually increased, to almost any, quantity that he will eat with a good appetile.
Let him have water three times a day, imme- diately after his meals—dissolving a handful of salt in it two or three times a week. <A little moderate exercise, once a day, and proper rub- bing, twice a day, will render his flesh firm and solid; and be otherwise useful.
The hoofs should be cleaned out frequently, and stuffed with clay and salt, or fresh cow dung; to keep the feet cool, and prevent the legs from swelling.
a
Bleeding. "This is frequently a very essential)
operation to be performed ; for the purpose of preventing, mitigating, or removing diseases— which is simply opening a vein, with a sharp fleam or lancet, generally in the neck of a horse. —
Some of the symptoms indicating the propri- ety of bleeding are—nnusually full veins—red or yellow appearance of the eyes—itching about” the mane and tail, denoted by the animal’s ruby bing them almost continually.
a
APPENDIX. 123
Bleeding is necessary in colds—fevers, of nearly every description—violent falls and _bruises—wounds of the eyes—strains, from _hard riding or drawing—and all other accidents, when there is reason to apprehend a stagnation of the blood will take place—or where the small vessels may be ruptured, and the bleod extravasated,
‘Phe quantity drawn off may vary from one to six quarts; according to the urgency ef the ease, and strength of the animal.
But, previous to any attempt to bleed, the state of the pulse should be ascertained ; and the operation either omitted or regulated accord- ingly.
One of the pulse-veins may be found on the inside of the jaw-bone ; and another on the in- side of the fore leg, or that part called the arm, between the point of the shoulder and the knee.
‘The pulsations in a healthy horse are, gene- rally, from forty to fifty ina minute. If they exceed fifty, there is reason to apprehend a fe- -ver—the stale of which will be indicated by the additional number of strokes.
When a fever is very violent, the puise will frequently strike nearly a hundred times in a minute, and produce a peculiar sensation to the
424 APPENDIX. finger ; as though it were sharply struck by the vibration of a cord.
Bleeding high in the neck is recommended ;
to prevent the part from swelling. When itis .
done for the cure of important inflammatory dis- eases, a large orifice should be made in the vein, and the blood drawn off in a large stream. It must be caught in some vessel, for the purpose of judging of its quality, as well as quantity. ff, after it has coagulated, a light buff coloured jelly forms the surface, it is an evidence of the inflammatory state of it. Blood drawn from a healihy horse coagulates in a short time; and has the appearance of a red jelly; with a small quantity of fluid, resembling water, floating on its surface.
In cases of external and circumscribed in-
flammatien, opening a vein contiguous to the —
affected part will be useful—for when a disease is occasioned by an undue proportion of blood in the vessels of the brain, relief may frequently he obtained by opening the artery of the temple.
Purging. Horses have frequent need of purg- ing. But, before a purge is given, some prepa-
ration is necessary, in order to render the ope-
ration safe and efficacious.
APPENDIX. 425
A very fleshy, or full fed horse, should be bled, and have his diet lowered during a week— several mashes of scalded bran should be given, to open his bowels, and remove the indurated excrement; which sometimes prevents the regu- lar operation of the physic ; and occasions much sickness and griping.
When horses are constantly kept in the sta- ble, without the benefit of air or exercise, in proportion to their food, they should have a mild purge in the Spring of the year—after being prepared for it, as before directed.
Tt should be remembered, that a horse is ge- nerally purged with difficulty—that the physic frequently lies twenty-four hours in his bowels before it operates—and that the tract it has to pass through exceeds thirty yards—consequent- ly, resinous and other improper drugs, by their violent irritations, often occasion excessive grip- ings and cold sweats—shave off the very mu- cous of the gu's—and produce inflammations ; which sometimes terminate in mortification and death. ‘The first purge given to a horse should always be mild.
A purge should be given in the morning, while the stomach is empty—and the horse be
kept warm, and mostly in the stable, until it K 2
426 APPENDIX.
operates. Let him have three mashes of sealded bran during the day—the first about four hours after taking his dose. But if he refuse to eat it when warm, give it to him cold or raw. A little good hay may be put into his rack, after eating each mash. ;
His drink should be plentiful; and as warm as he will take it. Next morning feed and wa- ter him in a similar manner—give him a. little exercise—and, inthe evening, he may be fed with a mixture of bran and oats.
PURGATIVE BALLS.
1. Socotorine aloes, ten drams—jalap and salt of tartar, of each, two drams—grated gin- ger, one dram—oil of cloves, thirty drops—and syrup sufficient to make it into a ball.
2. Socotorine aloes, one ounce—powdered rhubarb, half an ounce—grated ginger, one dram—made into a ball with syrup of roses.
3. Socotorine aloes, ten drams—myrrh, finely powdered, half an ounce—saffron and fresh jalap in powder, of each, one dram—make them , into a stiff ball with syrup of roses—and add a small spoonful of rectified oil of amber.
Half an.ounce of Castile soap may be added to apy of the above mixtures, for a horse of a
J
APPENDIX. 1a7;
gross coustitution—and the proportions of in- gredients increased for large and strong horses. A little warm water-gruel should be given im- mediately after the ball—and bran mashes, as above directed.
The following mixture may be used for a purge with intive safety—and can be made stronger, if necessary, by adding one ounce more of senna, or two ounces of jalap.
‘Take senna, two ounces—infuse it ina pint of boiling water, two hours—add tbree drams of salt of tartar—pour it off ; and dissolve in it four ounces of Glauber’s salts, and two or three ounces of the cream of tartar.
This dose is cooling, easy and quick in its operation—and preferable, in all inflammatory cases, to any other purge—as it passes into the blood; and operates by urine also.
When a horse loses his appetite after purg- ing, it will be necessary to give him a warm. stomach-drink, made of an infusion of chamo- imile flowers, anise-seeds and saffron.
df the purging continue too long, give one ounce of diascordium in one pint of Port wine —and repeat the drench every twelve hours, until the disorder abates. Plenty of the follow- ing preparation should also be given—Gum
423 * APPENDIX.
arabic and tragacanth, of each, four ounces— janiper berries and caraway seeds, of each, one ounce—and bruised cloves, half an ounce— gently simmered in one gallon of water, till the © gums are dissolved. Let the horse have one quart at a time, in a pail of water. But if he will not take it in that way, give it to him with a horn, without the water.
When the purge does not operate ; but makes — the horse swell, and refuse his food and water (which is sometimes the effect of improper drugs, or taking cold) give him the following diuretic, warm—and lead him gently about, until relief is obtained.
White wine, one pint—nitre, one ounce— — and camphire, dissolved in a little rectified spirit of wine, one dram—then add oil of juniper, and” rectified oil of amber, of each, two drams—and of honey or syrup of marsh-mallow, four ounces. |
Clystering. As clysters are frequently the means of preserving the lives of horses, every person who has any of those animals in his pos- session, should always have a clyster bag and pipe prepared for any emergency. The whole ~ apparatus consists of nothing more than a large” bladder, with the neck cut off—and a pewter —
APPENDIX. 129
pipe, common reed, or any other smooth tube, nine or ten inches long, and about one inch in diameter.
When about to be used, the end of the blad- der must be softened with warm water 3 and the liquid poured through a funnel into it—which is then to be securely tied round one end of the tube—the other end, being made _ perfectly smooth, rounding, and well oiled, must be intro- duced several inches into the anus—and the liquid forced through the tube, by pressure with the hand. But if the passage should be ob- structed by hard dung, it may be removed by a very small hand, well greased.
When a clyster is to be injected, the horse must be placed, with his head down hill—and if he refuse to stand, fasten a twitch on his nose.
Clysters are of three kinds—opening—ano- dyne—and nourishing.
For the first purpose—dissolve three Saabs of a pound of common sali in one gallon of warm water—and add of olive or linseed oil, four or five ounces.
For the second—take solid opium, two drams —mix it well with half a pint of water—and add one quart of Indian meal or wheat flour gruel.
430 APPENDIX.
For the third—rich broths—wheat flour gruel—and other nourishing fluids, are recom- mended ; as being sometimes useful, when the throat is so diseased as to prevent swallowing.
When the operation is performed, the tail should be kept close to the fundament a few
minutes, to prevent a too hasty return of the elyster.
Glistering. Previous to the application of a blister plaster to any part of a horse, the hair should be cut off as closely as possible—the blistering ointment must then be regularly spread, with a warm knife, on a peice of strong linen or soft leather, sufficiently large for the purpose —and applied to the place.
Paring the operation of the blister, the ani- mal must be so confined as to prevent his biting the part, or doing any other injury.
BLISTER PLASTERS.
4. Take of spanish flies, half an ounce—oil of turpentine, one ounce—hog’s lard, four ounces—and mix them well together for use. ~
2. Mix together tar, four ounces—vitriolic acid, two ounces—oil of origanum, half an ounce—hog’s lard and Spanish flies, of each, two ounces.
APPENDIX. 135i The last is recommended for spavins.
Poulticing. The following mixtures will fre- quently be found useful, as poultices, when ap- plied to wounds, &c.
1. Take of bran, one quart—sharp vinegar, scalding hot, half a pint—hog’s lard, one table spoonful—and mix them for use.
2. Take of red oak bark, a sufficient quantity to make one quart of strong decoction—and In- dian meal, enough to form the poultice.
3. Take of sharp vinegar, half a pint—meal, one quart—hog’s lard, two table spoonfuls— and pour a sufficient quantity of boiling water on them, to form the mass for use.
4. Take plenty of lettuce, cabbage, mallow leaves, turnip tops and turnips themselves, or any of them separately—boil them tender— press the water out—and chop them fine, with two or three ounces of hog’s lard or butter added.
This last is an excellent poultice for bruised feet; bound on as hot as the horse can bear it —taking care to have them well cleaned before it is applied.
Rewelling. Rowels have been sometimes found useful in cases of inward strains about
»
132 APPENDIX.
ihe shoulders or hips—and for hard swellings that are noteasily dissolved. When apprehen- ded necessary to apply one, take either a skein of silk, a piece of coarse twine, or a small roll of hair—grease it with lard or fresh butter— then, three or four inches below the part affee- ted, raise the skin with a thumb and finger ; and, with a needie sufficiently large for the pur- pose, draw the cord through, and tie the ends together. It must, afterward, be greased daily; and drawn backward and forward, to increase the discharge of matter.
‘What are called Rowels by the English Farriers are made as follows: An incision is made through the skin, about three eighths of an inch long. ‘Then the skin is separated from the flesh with the finger, or with the end of a blunt horn, as far as the finger will easily reach. Into this a piece of leather, made very thin, and round shaped, is introduced, about the size of a crown piece, having a large, round hole in the middle of it. Previous to introducing the leather, it is covered with lint or tow, and dip- ped in some digestive ointment. Also a pledgit — of tow, dipped in the same ointment, is pul in the orifice, to keep out the cold air.”
[Mew Eng. Farmer,
APPENDIX. 133
Preventing infectious diseases. “ As most diseases that are infectious, endanger the life of a horse, [ consider it important to every owner of those useful animals, to be able to use a medi- cine that will act against, or prevent, those dis- eases that are contagious.. [have been in the habit of owning from one to eight horses ata time, for fifteen years; and in ail that time never lost a horse. I cannot help believing my suc- cess, in this respect, has been much indebted to the constant use of assafeetida; which £ consid- er one of the most valuable and innocent medi- cines ever used among horses. it not only
drives off diseases of almost every kind, but it keeps up the appetite, produces a remarkable fineness in the coat of hair, and gives such life and spirits, as to induce even an old plough horse to attempt the attitudes and movements of |the gay and mettled racer.
“The value of the assafcetida is, at present, but little known for the use of horses; but whenever it shall have been used, or brought into notice, its remarkable effect, no doubt, will prove what I now say. Its virtue is acknow- ledged, and remembered with pleasure, by all those who have used it in their stables.” xe e K KF KR RH KK ROR KK M
434 APPENDIX.
“When a small piece of assafcetida has been placed in the manger of a horse in health, I have known him to stand for months in a stall next to one violently diseased, without taking the infection, or any ill consequence resulting from their contiguous situation.”
‘Take of assafoetida, one ounce, divide it and wrap each piece in a clean linen rag; nail one in the bottom of the manger the horse is fed in; the other in the bottom of the bucket in which he is watered. The above quantity will last about three months; at the expiration of which time it must be replenished.
«A small piece confined to the bridle bit, will have the same effect, when he goes from home, or enters on a journey.” [ Pr. Mason. ]
An infallible preventitive for nearly all the disorders to which horses are liable, may be comprised in the few following words—aleays treat them well.
Defending from Flies. A certain protection from the annoyance of flies would be found in the use of rancid fish-oil, of any kind. With a sponge, or woollen cloth, rub a small quantity o ihe oil completely over the legs, and other a of a horse, liable to their voracious attacks, |
APPENDIX. 135
they will immediately abandon their bloody em- ployment.—The oil may be washed off, at any time, with a little warm soap-suds.
Foxing, Marking, Nicking, Pricking, &c. being attended with more cruelty than real utility, have been purposely omitted.
Summary. ‘ Horse, one of the most useful of tame quadrupeds. The marks or evidences of a good one are these—a high neck, a full breast, a lively eye, a strong back, a stiff dock, fall buttocks, ribs reaching near to the hips, well made hoofs, rather large, and a good gait. _ The size of a horse should be in proportion te the work in which he is chiefly to be employ- ed. Small sized ones often prove good in the saddle. “'They are apt to be hardy, and in pro- portion to their size, and the quantity of their eating, usually are the most profitable. Plough horses, and all draught horses, should be large ; as their weight is of importance in drawing 5 and as it is often inconvenient to put two horses to one plough, especially in horse hoeing. Large- ness is also of importance, when they are used single, in journeying, as they most usually are, ‘in a chaise or sleigh.
‘‘ A horse’s manner of going is a matter of no small importance.—The ambling gait, or what,
136 APPENDIX.
in this country, is vulgarly called pacing, is not good ; neither for the horse nor the rider. Itis tiresome to both. It habituates a horse to carry his feet too near to the ground ; so that he is the more liable to trip and stumble.
“The method so much practised formerly in this couniry, of teaching horses to pace swiftly, and racing in that gait, is bighly pernicious. It puts them to a much greater strain than running; and numbers have been thus ruined. Some colis naturally amble, and others trot. But all may be made to trot, if due care and pains be taken with them while they are young; or as soon as they are firstridden, Ina carriage an amble is tiresome to a horse, appears highly improper, and is disgusting to every one. And I do not see why it should appear at all more tolerable in the saddle.
‘When any change of gait is wanted for the ease of the rider, the canter is to be preferred, than which none can be more easy.
‘The way of breaking a young horse that is mostly used in this country, is highly absurd, hurtful and dangerous. He is mounted and rid- den before he has been used lo the bridle, or to bearing any weight on his back. Uf he will not go forward, he is most unmercifully beaten; by which his spirits are broken; and his strength
APPENDIX, 437
impaired. If he rear up, he is pulled back- wards ; with the risk of hurting both horse and man. If he run and start, as he probably will under such management, he flings the rider; perhaps is frightened; gains his liberty, and is encouraged to do just so the next opportunity 5 and the unfortunate rider blesses himself, as he has reason to do, if he escape wilhout broken limbs. Or if the horse shonld chance to go kindly, the rider continues the exercise till the horse is fatigued, disconraged, and injured.
‘“‘ Fustead of this mad management, the way practised in the older countries should be adopt- ed. Leta horse first of all be tamed with the bridle, by leading him again and again; in the first place, after, or by the side of another horse; and after he walks well, bring him to trot after his leader. In the next place, put on the sad- dle, and lead him in that, time after time. "Then jay a small weight on the saddle, and if he be apt to start, fasten it, that it may not be flung off; increasing the weight from time to time, iill he learns to carry what is egual to a man’s weight. Lastly, let a man gently mount him, while another holds him by the bridle, and fix himself firmly in the saddle. ‘The place of riding is recommended to be a ploughed field.
Let him thus be ridden with a horse going be- M2
{38 APPENDIX.
fore him, til] he learn the use of the bit; and will stop, or go forward, at the pleasure of the rider ; and without the application of much force. Being exercised in this manner a few times, and treated with all possible gentleness, there will be no more occasion for leading him. He will go well of himself; and be thoroughly broken, without so much as giving him one blow, and without danger or fatigue, to the horse or his rider. And, what is much to be regarded, the horse’s spirits will be preserved, though he be sufficiently tamed. In teaching a horse to draw, gentleness must be used. He should be tried first in company with other horses ; whe- ther in carting or ploughing ; and the draught should not be so heavy as to fret him, or put ~ him to great exertion, till he has learned to draw steadily. After this he may be put to draw light loads by himself. Lastly, he may be put
to a pleasure carriage; but coupled with ano- —
ther, rather than alone; and to a sleigh rather —
than 2 chaise. It may be taken for a general rule, that the gait which is easiest to a herse, will be the easiest to his rider. For jaded hor- ses, it has always been observed, are apt to go hard; and to tire their riders. The feeding of
horses, as [ conceive, has not been sufficiently ©
attended to in this country; which is, doubt-
ee
APPENDIX. 134
less, one reason why they are in general so mean and despicable. ‘Too many keep horses who cannot well afford to feed them. They should neither run upon the roads and com- mons, nor in pastures that are filled with wild and water grasses. They love a dry pasture, not too much shaded; and short grasses of the best kinds. Clover and white honey-suckle, both green and dry, is excellent food for them. It nourishes them well; and prevents costive- ness; which is very hurtful to them. ‘The best clover hay will keep them as well as most other kinds of hay with oats.
“To fit a horse for a journey he should not be suffered to grow too fat and gross. He should for some time be kept in the stable rather than in the pasture; and fed mostly with hay and provender: but rather sparingly if he incline to be fat. He should have exercise, daily, to harden his flesh, and keep bim in the habit of travelling. He should be shod some days be- fore he begins a journey, that the shoes may be well settled to his feet, and the nails a little rusted at the points, that they may hold the faster. And the pads of the saddle should be well fitted to his back, so as to fill the hollows, and bear equally on every part. And while be ig on the journey, he should be stabled every
{40 APPENDIX.
night. It is destructive to expose a horse to the dampness and cold of the night, after severe exercise. But it would be best, if neither hor- ses, nor any of our cattle, were wholly confined to dry meat in winter. Horses indicate this, by their eating snow with their hay. Set a basket of snow within reach of a horse, when he is at his manger, and he will take a mouthful from each alternately. Of all juicy food for horses in winter, writers on husbandry seem to give carrots the preference. ‘They have been found by experience to answer well, instead of oats, for labouring horses; and to fatten those which are lean.
‘He that would be sure to keep his horse in good order, must beware whom he suffers to ride him; and must see that he is never abused. Profuse sweating should always be avoided. And when a horse is much warmed by exercise, he should net be exposed to cold air, or night dew ; and much less to rain and snow. Hf he cannot be instanily rabbed down and housed when warm, he should be covered with a blan- ket; and he should always have a dry stable, and be well liltered. ‘Che neglect of these pre- cautions may bring on incurable disorders.
‘‘ Horses should not be too much deprived of the liberty of motion, as they too often are.
APPENDIX. 144
Close confinement after hard labour, will be apt to abate their circulations too suddenly; make them chilly ; and stiffen their joints. ‘To be de- prived of motion, is bad for man and beast. Horses, therefore, should not be straitened for room in (their stables. Stables should not be so low as to prevent their tossing up their heads as high as they please. Some stables have so little room over head as to bring liorses into a habit of carrying their heads too low. They become afraid to lift them up. ‘They should also have room in their stables to turn their heads to any part of their bodies, thal they may defend themselves from the biting of insects, allay itching, &c. And their halters should al- ways be so long, and their stable so wide, that they may lie down conveniently. Nor should horses be so placed as to be able to deprive each other of his fodder.
“When horses are kept in stables, as they generaily are in the coldest half of the year, they should be daily dressed, as it is called. The curry comb, and the brush, should be well used on all parts of their skin which are covered with hair. ‘This increases perspiration through the pores of the skin, which is necessary for health; and causes the blood to move faster in the veins. This treatment will not only cause
442 APPENDIX.
them to look better, but they will have better health, and more activity and courage. ‘They will digest their food better; and be better for service. But if rubbing and friction be wholly neglected, or slightly performed, the hair will appear dry and rough; the perspirable matter hardens in the pores of the skin, or remains lodged at the roots of the hair, and has the ap- pearance of a dirty white dust; and sometimes like small seales, attended with itching. More especially is rubbing necessary for horses, when they are growing cold, after being sweated by labour. In such cases it should never be omitted.
‘«¢ Columella observes ‘ that the bodies of cattle ought to be rubbed down daily, as well as the bodies of men;’ and says ‘it often does them more good to have their backs well rubbed down, than their bellies well filled with provender.’
“ But in warm weather it would be best for ihem, that they should not have the confinement of the halter; nor even of the stable. A small spot of feeding ground, if it were only a few rods, adjoining to the stable, and the door left open, that a horse may go in and out, alter- nately, as he pleases, would greatly conduce to the health of the animal.
‘This degree of liberty will be most needful when the flies are troublesome; and be better for —
APPENDIX. 443
him than confinement to a stable that is perfectly dark. In fly time it gives a horse much ease and comfort to smear his limbs, neck and head, -withrancid fish oil, or something else that will keep the flies from attacking him. And, in all seasons, when horses have been heated with extrcise, they should be well rubbed or curried.
“When a horse runs in a pasture, during the gress season, he should have some shelter; not ony a shade to defend him from the intense het of the sun, but a shed, ora clump of trees ; tnt he may retreat from the inclemencies of the atnosphere.
‘ But horses that are daily worked, in summer, slould be mostly kept upon green fodder in stbles, rather than grazed in pastures. "The tadance of them will not be so burdensome, wth a spot of high and thick grass at hand, as lading them to and from a pasture, at the dis- tince of a quarter of amile. This will prevent teir being often chilled by feeding in wet nights. 4 large quantity of manure will thus be saved. and a very small quantity of land will answer, h comparison with what it takes for the pastur- ng of a horse. Keeping a sithe and a basket it hand, a horse may be foddered in this way, n two or three minutes; and by the time that he whole spot has been once mowed over, that
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which is first cut will be grown up again. Where a number of horses are soiled, a pair of poles, or a hand cart, will be better thana bas- | kei, to carry the grass to them. The practice, called soiling, answers well near to cities and. large towns, where lands for pasturage are not| hich ; and where, by means of the plenty of. manure, lands may be made to yield the gteat-. est crops of grass. For very thick grass should | not be fed off; because the greater part of it: will be wasted by the trampling, and the extre- |
ments of animals. ‘‘ When grain is given to horses, itis an eso- |
nomical practice to have it either grounc or; boiled. When horses are soiled, or fed ini a. stable on green grass, it should be cut and ar- ried in during the morning, while the dew ison. . ‘‘A disorder, called Ptyalism, has, for sme: years past, been gaining ground among horses, | in various parts of the United States ; whichis: an excessive watering or slavering at the mouh. Various causes have been assigned for the ds- order; but none of them satisfactory. Soilig
them is, however, a certain remedy.” [Mew England Farmer.
THE END. ~~) _
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